Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of a more active paraffin hydrocarbon hydroisomerization catalyst from synthetic mica montmorillonite, preferably a nickel synthetic mica montmorillonite catalyst, which may also contain palladium, by treating the catalyst with one or more compounds comprising chlorine which can further release one or more protons and/or hydrogen chloride, and preferably by treating with hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: Hydroconversion catalysts containing Group VIII and/or Group VIB catalytically active metals on a support, and particularly those containing nickel and molybdenum on alumina, are improved in hydrodenitrification (HDN) activity by impregnation of additional molybdenum and/or tungsten carbonyls onto the catalyst by sublimation. Preferably from about 1 to 5% w molybdenum is added. The carbonyl impregnated catalyst is then dried, calcined and, generally sulfided before use in a hydrocarbon conversion process.

Abstract: Process for the complete replacement under operating conditions of particles in a vessel provided with a feed inlet and, if desired, a separate particle inlet, a particle outlet and an effluent outlet, wherein part of the feed passing through the vessel during withdrawal of particles is by-passing the vessel when the particles still present in the vessel do not occupy more than 20% v of the volume initially occupied by particles and the feed is passed through the vessel before or during the addition of fresh particles.The process is particularly suitable for the complete replacement under operating conditions of spent hydrodemetallization catalysts.

Abstract: The present invention is an improved process for simultaneously removing H.sub.2 O and H.sub.2 S from gas streams containing predominantly CO.sub.2. The process comprises:(a) contacting the gas feed stream in an absorption zone with a diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and/or tetraethylene glycol absorbent to produce a CO.sub.2 -rich gas and a loaded H.sub.2 S-rich liquid absorbent;(b) flashing the loaded absorbent to remove a major portion of the CO.sub.2 which is recycled to the absorber;(c) flashing the semi-loaded solvent at least once, and preferably two or more times, to remove a major portion of the H.sub.2 S, to produce a semi-lean absorbent; and(d) regenerating the semi-lean absorbent and returning same to the absorption zone.

Abstract: Saturated aliphatic aldehydes are prepared by contacting diesters of carbonic acid with synthesis gas and a Group VIII compound, preferably a cobalt compound, a halogen, and optionally a Group V trivalent ligand.

Abstract: A process is described wherein C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 paraffins are dehydrogenated over a catalyst which has been prepared by(a) impregnating an Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 carrier with an aqueous solution of a Sn-compound;(b) calcining the impregnated carrier;(c) impregnating the composition with an aqueous solution of a Pt-compound;(d) reducing the composition;(e) removing at least part of any halogen introduced in step (a) and/or (c) by treating the composition with a non-acidic solution comprising NH.sub.4.sup.+ ions until the halogen content of the final catalyst amounts to less than 0.1% w; and(f) impregnating the composition with a non-acidic (halogen-free) aqueous solution of an alkali metal compound.The C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -olefins formed are converted to aromatic gasoline over a catalyst containing a crystalline metal silicate having a ZSM-5 structure.

Abstract: Highly active and selective hydroisomerization catalysts are prepared by heating to 300.degree.-450.degree. C. at subatmospheric pressure, a mixture of nickel synthetic mica montmorillonite (Ni-SMM) with a hydroxy aluminum polymeric solution. The resulting pillared Ni-SMM catalyst, preferably Pd-loaded, is especially useful in hydroisomerizing C.sub.4 -C.sub.7 paraffins.

Abstract: In the preparation of a heavy oil with a low Ramsbottom Carbon Test (RCT) from a long residue by a two-stage process comprising catalytic hydrotreatment followed by solvent deasphalting and recycle of the asphalt to the first stage the catalytic hydrotreatment for RCT reduction in the first stage is carried out at such a severity that the C.sub.4.sup.- gas production per percent RCT reduction is kept between defined limits.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of a heavy oil with a low Ramsbottom Carbon Test (RCT) from a long residue by (a) catalytic hydrotreatment for RCT reduction at such severity that the C.sub.4.sup.- gas production per percentage RCT reduction is kept between defined limits, followed by (b) solvent deasphalting of the (vacuum or atmospheric) distillation residue of the hydrotreated product.

Abstract: Catalyst and hydrocarbon vapors are separated in a cyclone zone attached to the discharge of a riser cracking operation. Vortex stabilizing means separating the cyclone zone from a stripping zone allows stripping gas from said stripping zone to be passed upwardly into said cyclone zone countercurrent to the downward flow of catalyst, thereby improving the separation and stripping of gaseous hydrocarbons from separated catalyst. The combined cyclone-stripping zone reduces catalyst hydrocarbon contact time, thereby improving gasoline yield and olefin content, decreasing gas make, and reducing coke deposits.

Abstract: In a two-stage process for the conversion of H.sub.2 -poor syngas into hydrocarbons and oxygenates in which uncoverted syngas from the first stage product is converted in a second stage into paraffins over a Ni, Co or Ru catalyst, the H.sub.2 /CO molar ratio of the feed for the second stage is adjusted to the required value of 1.75-2.25 by blending this feed with an H.sub.2 -rich syngas with an H.sub.2 /CO molar ratio of at least above 1.75 which latter gas has been obtained by subjecting a small portion of the feed for the first stage to a high temperature (above 325.degree. C.) CO-shift.

Abstract: Process for the production of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas in which the gas is passed at elevated pressure and temperature over a catalyst consisting of zirconium oxide promoted with at least one alkali metal compound. Preferably the zirconium oxide has a specific surface area in the range from 20 to 500 m.sup.2 /g and the alkali metal compound is potassium oxide. A major part of the product consists of butene.

Abstract: A method of operating a spark ignition internal combustion engine with unleaded gasoline is disclosed wherein methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is used as a primary antiknock compound and from about 5 to about 60 moles of benzoylacetone or methyl benzoylacetone per mole of manganese is used as a co-antiknock compound. These co-antiknock compounds are particularly suitable because they do not react with wet rusted steel in gasoline distribution systems, nor with terneplate surface coatings in automobile fuel storage tanks.

Abstract: The reduction of octane requirement in a spark-ignited, internal combustion engine is achieved by introducing, with the combustion intake charge, a fuel and/or lubricant composition containing an octane requirement reduction amount of a substituted urea compound represented by the formula: ##STR1## in which X is an oxygen or sulfur atom, R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 are hydrocarbyl radicals having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of ##STR2## Particularly useful as ORR agents are: (a) 4-[N-(2,4-xylyl) carbamoyl] morpholine;(b) 1-[N-(2,4-xylyl) carbamoyl] piperidine; and(c) 1-(2-pyridyl)-3-(3,4-xylyl)-2-thiourea.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for removing hydrocarbon-soluble anionic surfactants from gasoline or kerosene boiling range hydrocarbons. The method comprises (a) contacting a hydrocarbon mixture containing surfactants with a lower alcohol which is miscible with the hydrocarbon mixture to extract the surfactants; (b) contacting the mixture with water or caustic solution to extract the lower alcohol and surfactants from the hydrocarbon mixture; (c) separating the water or caustic solution from the hydrocarbons; and (d) removing the hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process for the simultaneous separation of aromatics and non-aromatics from a heavy hydrocarbon stream and a light hydrocarbon stream in which process:(a) aromatics are extracted in a first extractor from the heavy hydrocarbon stream with the aid of a selective solvent which has a higher boiling point than that of said light hydrocarbon stream,(b) selective solvent is removed from the raffinate obtained from said first extractor, to yield heavy non-aromatics(c) aromatics are extracted from the light hydrocarbon stream in a second extractor with the aid of the extract phase obtained from the first extractor,(d) selective solvent is removed from the raffinate obtained from said second extractor to yield heavy aromatics and light non-aromatics(e) the extract phase from the second extractor is subjected to extractive distillation,(f) the bottom fraction of the extractive distillation is separated by distillation into light aromatics and selective solvent, and(g) the selective solvent obtained in step (f) is at

Abstract: A process for hydroisomerization of C.sub.4 -C.sub.7 paraffins with a nickel and/or cobalt synthetic mica-montmorillonite catalyst which has been pretreated with hydrogen at a temperature of at least 400.degree. C.

Abstract: The reduction of octane requirement in a spark-ignited, internal combustion engine is achieved by introducing, with the combustion intake gasoline charge, a fuel and/or lubricant composition containing an effective octane requirement reduction (ORR) amount of a compound which is both highly polar and soluble in hydrocarbons and yet relatively insoluble in water and which is represented by the formula: ##STR1## in which X has a value from one to four, Y has a value from zero to three, and R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl radical having from one to three carbon atoms.

Abstract: Water-based metal-working lubricants containing an emulsion-type anionic, soluble oil comprising a low viscosity index (LVI) lubricating oil, sodium sulfonates as an emulsifier, a soluble oil coemulsifier base containing naphthenic acids, potassium hydroxide, anti-rust and anti-microbial agents and an effective amount of block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide or other alkylene oxides having a molecular weight between about 800 and about 8,000.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a hydrocarbon mixture from a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, using a catalyst combination containing one or more metal components with catalytic activity for the conversion of an H.sub.2 /CO mixture into acyclic hydrocarbons, e.g., Ru, Co, Fe, Ni and Cr, and as carrier a laminar compound capable of absorbing metal ions or metal salts by intercalation. Preferably the laminar compound is a laminar crystalline silicate, e.g., magadiite.