Abstract: Three-dimensional non-crimp integral woven reinforcement for structural components formed as an integral woven assembly of warp and fill fibers, e.g. graphite fibers, in a multiplicity of layers, with light weight tie yarn, e.g. of fiberglass, passing from one side of the layered system to the other. Woven reinforcement forms of various shapes such as an I-beam can be produced by using a specified percentage of 0.degree. (warp) fibers and 90.degree. (fill) fibers, e.g. of graphite, to form a plurality of layers comprising the web and flanges of the I-beam reinforcement, and having the desired number of layers and thickness in both the web and flanges, and passing tie yarn, e.g. of fiberglass, back and forth from one side of the web to the other, and in the same manner from one side of the flanges to the other, and extending lengthwise in the warp direction of the material. The woven assembly is then impregnated with resin, e.g.

Abstract: A method for detecting cracks and surface discontinuities in an object which comprises applying to the surface of an object having a ground surface and smeared metal, an etchant penetrant solution capable of removing said smeared metal covering the openings of said cracks, cleaning said surface to remove said excess penetrant solution, and applying to said surface a developer coating containing a fluorescent material, the etchant remaining in the cracks being capable of destroying the fluorescence adjacent the cracks, and viewing the surface under ultraviolet light to reveal indications of cracks showing intensely black against a fluorescent background.

Abstract: Novel solder composition or solder cream, particularly adapted for soldering components in electronic circuitry, comprising finely divided solder metals such as tin and lead, dispersed in a vehicle containing viscosity controlling agents, organic solvents, and a rosin or rosin derivative as a flux. By employing a narrow range of rosin-containing vehicle, that is between 13 and 14%, and between 86 and 87% of solder metal, by weight of the solder composition, and fine particle size solder metal of from 40 to 70 microns, the formation of solder balls is essentially eliminated, thus avoiding the necessity of removing such solder balls.

Abstract: Complex woven material as reinforcement for forming layered resin impregnated articles which are resistant to catastrophic damage from shock or local impact as from a hard object, comprised of woven bands or strips of high modulus fibers such as carbon or graphite fibers, separated in at least one direction of the material, from each other by woven bands or strips of low modulus fibers such as glass fibers, and which in a preferred embodiment are narrower than the strips of high modulus fibers. Superimposed layers of such materials can be formed, wherein the strips of high modulus fibers and low modulus fibers in the respective layers are at different angles. Such woven materials, e.g. in the form of a layered assembly, are impregnated with a suitable thermosetting resin such as an epoxy resin, and cured, to produce a layered resin impregnated article having improved damage tolerant physical and mechanical properties.

Abstract: Substantially non-pollutant and non-toxic water washable composition in the form of a gel for use in non-destructive ultrasonic inspection of surface and subsurface flaws and discontinuities in bodies comprising a (1) poly(oxypropylene) poly(oxyethylene) condensate having a molecular weight ranging from about 1,000 to about 15,000, and (2) silica, particularly fumed silica, such silica being present in certain proportions, e.g. about 5% by weight of the composition. The composition or gel is applied to a surface of a body such as a metal aircraft structural part, and a probe or transducer of an ultrasonic testing device is contacted or pressed against the gel, and the transducer is caused to move or slide in various directions on the gel to transmit ultrasonic energy through the gel and the object, to inspect the object and locate any surface or subsurface flaws or discontinuities.

Abstract: Highly fire resistant composites or laminates particularly applicable as structural components in aircraft, e.g. in the engine nacelle, as part of the acoustic panel-fire wall structure, and capable of withstanding a 2,000.degree. F. flame temperature, comprising incorporating an additive in the form of a phosphorylated amide, into a resin, e.g., a polyimide or an epoxy resin, such additive being soluble in the resin. The resulting resin containing the additive, e.g., phenyl phosphonic acid diamide, is then applied to or impregnated into a substrate such as glass fiber cloth or graphite fiber, to form a composite structure which is then cured. The resulting cured composite when subjected to high temperatures of the order of, e.g., a 2,000.degree. F. flame temperature, forms a resin char of reduced thermal conductivity which holds the fibers of the laminate together and maintains the structural stability and integrity of the laminate.

Abstract: A coating and adhesive composition which comprises an ethylene-acrylic elastomer, a high molecular weight polyvinyl chloride and a filler, preferably carbon black. The composition is cured with a suitable catalyst, preferably an amine catalyst, to form an abrasion resistant coating, which can also be employed as a repair coating, especially for damaged plastic materials or sheets on a substrate, particularly sheets formed from ethylene-acrylic elastomer. The composition can also be employed as an adhesive or bonding material for such plastic sheets.

Abstract: Combination of a nonionic oxyalkylated alcohol surfactant and an engine fuel, e.g. a 50--50 mixture, by volume, of such surfactant and an aircraft engine fuel such as JP-4 jet fuel, consisting essentially of a mixture of gasoline and kerosene, which is miscible both with water-based and oil-based liquids, for removing water or water-based leak tracer solution entrapped in a fuel tank system, e.g. of an aircraft. When employing, for example, an aqueous leak tracer solution introduced into a fuel tank, e.g. of an aircraft, for locating any leaks therein, after inspection and removal of the main body of leak tracer solution from the tank, in order to remove any residual leak tracer solution which remains entrapped in the tank, the invention composition, hereinafter termed a "depuddling agent", is introduced and blends with the residual leak tracer solution, and the resulting miscible mixture is drained from the system.

Abstract: Malonic anhydride and substituted malonic anhydrides are prepared by ozonolysis of the enol-lactone dimers of ketenes. The resulting malonic anhydrides can be hydrolyzed with water to form the corresponding acid, reacted with an alcohol to yield the monoester, or reacted with an amine to yield the monoamide.

Abstract: A process for removing carbon dioxide in geothermal power generating processes employing a geothermal fluid such as geothermal brine containing carbon dioxide, to improve the efficiency of geothermal power generation, comprises introducing an aqueous alkaline solution, preferably an aqueous calcium hydroxide solution, into a vapor stream obtained from the brine during power generation, to remove carbon dioxide from the stream. In the case, for example, of power generation by direct contact heat exchange between geothermal brine and a working fluid such as isobutane, where the working fluid is expanded to generate power, aqueous calcium hydroxide can be introduced into a direct contact condenser into contact with the working fluid therein to remove CO.sub.2 present in the working fluid, thereby aiding in reducing loss of working fluid from the system and aiding in reducing pump power. The aqueous alkaline, e.g.

Abstract: Process for recovery of energy from geothermal fluids such as geothermal brine in a geothermal formation by injecting a water immiscible working fluid, preferably organic, typically a hydrocarbon, e.g. isobutane, into the geothermal formation containing a geothermal fluid such as hot brine, wherein the hydrocarbon working fluid is heated by direct heat exchange contact with the hot geothermal fluid in the formation, and employing the hot working fluid to drive a heat engine or turbine to produce work or electrical energy or to provide heat energy to a chemical process (e.g., alcohol manufacture). The cooled working fluid discharged from the turbine is reinjected into the geothermal formation. The working fluid preferably has a density which changes substantially with temperature to provide a substantial pressure difference for causing flow of heated working fluid up the production well. The density difference can be due to phase transfer from liquid to gas.

Abstract: Method for the use of heat, especially "Waste Heat", from geothermal steam or brines for the manufacture of chemicals such as alcohol, which comprises, according to one embodiment, flashing the brine to produce steam, passing the steam to a turbine for electrical energy generation, and employing the steam from the turbine discharge and/or the flashed brine to provide some or all of the heat requirements for the fermentation-distillation process for production of alcohols, e.g. (methanol and/or ethanol) from agricultural wastes. The method can also be utilized for the production by distillation and/or by industrial fermentation and/or by hydrolysis of other chemicals (such as furfural and acetone).

Abstract: A novel class of chemical compounds useful as pesticides consists of pyridylalkoxysulfinyl derivatives of carbamate esters. The preparation of these compounds and their formulation to control insects are exemplified.

Abstract: N-chlorosulfinylcarbamate esters are produced by the reaction of thionyl chloride with carbamate esters having one unsubstituted hydrogen on the carbamate nitrogen atom, preferably in the presence of a hydrogen chloride acceptor. The resulting N-chlorosulfinylcarbamate esters are useful intermediates in the preparation of pesticides having relatively low mammalian toxicity.

Abstract: Cryogenic insulation seal for a concrete container, having an inner cryogenic liquid tank, comprising a concrete floor slab, a vertical concrete wall moveably supported on the concrete floor, and insulation positioned within the container adjacent the horizontal floor slab and the vertical concrete wall, and including a metal, e.g. steel, liner positioned around the inner surface of the container, adjacent the inner surfaces of the floor slab and the concrete wall and supporting the insulation, and forming an inner seal around the container. The steel liner is inclined from the vertical at a corner above the floor slab and is attached to the vertical concrete wall at a predetermined height above the floor slab, forming a gap between the liner and the concrete vertical wall at the corner, and permitting inward lateral motion of said vertical wall with respect to the floor slab at such corner, while permitting the steel liner and the insulation supported by the liner to flex and maintain a seal at the corner.

Abstract: Process and system for recovery of energy from geothermal brines and other hot water sources, which comprises direct contact heat exchange between the brine or hot water, and a hydrocarbon working fluid, e.g. n-butane, in a heat transfer column, the heat transfer column being operated at or above the critical pressure of the working fluid, and the hot brine or hot water feed being at a temperature at or above the critical temperature of the working fluid. The heated working fluid exiting the top of the heat transfer column is expanded through an expander to produce work. The discharge from the expander is cooled to condense working fluid which is separated in an accumulator, from condensed water vapor present in the working fluid, and the condensed working fluid is pressurized and fed back to the heat transfer column. Water from the accumulator can be fed to an H.sub.2 S removal system where good quality water can be recovered.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for pyrolyzing agglomerative coals which comprises introducing a fluidized bed of hot char particles into a pyrolysis chamber or reactor, and injecting upwardly into the chamber a high velocity jet of agglomerative coal particles in a carrier gas, the fluidized hot char particles surrounding the high velocity coal jet and heating the coal particles to yield gaseous products and char. The hot char particles in the fluidized state and disposed around the coal jet are entrained in the upwardly expanding coal jet and mixed with the coal particles, so that by the time the coal particles contact the pyrolysis chamber wall, such coal particles being heated by the char have passed through the tacky state and are no longer tacky and do not adhere to the chamber wall. The gaseous product and char formed during pyrolysis are rapidly removed from the pyrolysis chamber, and such char can be separated, e.g.

Abstract: Leak tracer solution particularly effective for inspection of aircraft fuel tanks and lines prior to use, without staining painted surfaces of the aircraft consists essentially of an aqueous solution containing not more than about 10%, generally about 0.1 to about 10%, of a nonionic oxyalkylated aliphatic alcohol surfactant, and a small amount, generally about 0.005 to about 1.0%, of a water soluble, e.g. dual visibility, dye such as Uranine, which does not migrate into or penetrate the painted aircraft surface. A small amount of an anti-parasitic agent can be added to prevent algae growth. The solution is used by introducing it into the interior of new fuel tanks and lines, viewing the external surfaces of such tanks and lines under suitable lighting conditions such as daylight or black (fluorescent) light to detect any cracks or leaks, and draining the solution from the tanks and lines.

Abstract: Process and system for recovery of energy from geothermal brines and other hot water sources, which comprises direct contact heat exchange between the brine or hot water, and a hydrocarbon working fluid, e.g. n-butane, in a heat transfer column, the heat transfer column being operated at or above the critical pressure of the working fluid, and the hot brine or hot water feed being at a temperature at or above the critical temperature of the working fluid. The heated working fluid exiting the top of the heat transfer column is expanded through an expander to produce work. The discharge from the expander is cooled to condense working fluid which is separated in an accumulator, from condensed water vapor present in the working fluid, and the condensed working fluid is pressurized and fed back to the heat transfer column.

Abstract: Process for removal of water from a mixture of water and certain solid residues of carbonaceous material, such as a coal char-water slurry, which comprises mixing the slurry with an acid, preferably hydrochloric acid, a surfactant, preferably water-immiscible such as lecithin, and an organic compound such as a liquid hydrocarbon, e.g. mineral spirits, causing the char to agglomerate, and thereby facilitating separation of the char from the mixture, as by screening, and filtering or centrifuging.