Abstract: A straight-run naphtha is fractionated at about 66.degree. C., which is just below the boiling point of methylcyclopentane. The 66.degree. C.+ fraction is reformed, and at least a portion of the reformate combined with the 66.degree. C.- fraction and reacted under aromatization conditions over a ZSM-5-type catalyst to form a C.sub.5 + product rich in aromatics. The C.sub.5 + aromaticized product and the remaining reformate can be either sent for BTX recovery or used as a high-octane component of a gasoline blending pool.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for solvent-extracting an extractable component from a mixture including the extractable component and subdivided solids, comprising: (a) maintaining a vertically extending bed comprising the solids in an extraction zone and introducing the mixture into an upper portion of the bed; (b) introducing a vaporizable liquid solvent into the upper portion of the bed; (c) providing a substantially continuous gaseous phase in contact with a lower portion of the bed; (d) maintaining a substantially continuous liquid phase comprising the solvent in contact with the upper portion of the bed above the gaseous phase, the liquid phase and gaseous phase having an interface at a vertically intermediate level, extracting the extractable component from the mixture by passing the solvent through the upper portion of the bed, and removing a liquid stream including the solvent and the extractable component from the extraction zone; (e) preventing the liquid phase from flowing downwardly through the lower port

Abstract: Thiophenes are selectively removed from gasoline by contact thereof with a silver-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite.

Abstract: A combination process for reducing the soluble arsenic content of shale oil comprising thermally dearsenating the shale oil to make an aged shale oil, coking at least a portion of the aged shale oil, and catalytically hydroprocessing at least a portion of the coker distillate to produce a shale oil product having a low soluble arsenic content.

Abstract: A composition useful in hydrocarbon conversion processes such as catalytic cracking is disclosed, comprising 0.05 to 10 weight percent lanthanum associated with a refractory support. The composition may also include 0.02 to 10 weight percent iron.

Abstract: A process is described for producing gasoline from a paraffinic hydrocarbon feed wherein the feed is catalytically cracked and then reformed. In the process a novel porous hydrocracking catalyst composite is employed. This catalyst comprises a silica-alumina cracking base component and a noble metal hydrogenation component. It is stabilized as a result of a unique method used for introducing the noble metal in the form of a highly dispersed gravimetric precipitate into a gelatinous silica-alumina cogel precursor of the cracking base component. An organic gravimetric reagent is used for the precipitation. The resulting crackate is reformed by ordinary methods.

Abstract: A continuous process is disclosed for the retorting of oil shale or other similar hydrocarbon containing solids. Heat carrier particles at an elevated temperature are introduced into an upper portion of a retort and pass downwardly therethrough, fluidized by an upwardly flowing non-oxidizing gas introduced in a lower portion of the retort. The hydrocarbon-containing solids are introduced into an intermediate portion of the retort; a first portion thereof being entrained by the gas and flowing upwardly through the retort and a second portion thereof being fluidized by the gas and flowing downwardly through said retort. Retorted fluidized solids and heat carrier particles are removed from a lower portion of the retort and a product stream of hydrocarbon vapors mixed with the entrained retorted solids and fluidizing gas is recovered overhead.

Abstract: A straight-run naphtha is fractionated into a light naphtha fraction and a heavy naptha fraction containing methylcyclopentane and heavier hydrocarbons. The heavy fraction is reformed and the C.sub.5 -C.sub.6 paraffin portion of the reformate combined with the light naphtha fraction for isomerization. The heavy reformate is converted over a ZSM-5-type catalyst to produce a product enriched in aromatics which may be sent for BTX recovery or to a gasoline pool as a high-octane gasoline blending stock.

Abstract: Nitrogen oxides levels in flue gas produced in fluidized-bed combustion systems are lowered by introducing ammonia directly into the fluidized bed.

Abstract: Oil shale retort effluent having a temperature of at least 650.degree. F. (343.degree. C.) is cooled, if necessary, to within the range from 600.degree.-800.degree. F. (316.degree.-427.degree. C.), separated into a liquid phase and a vapor phase, and the liquid phase is maintained within that range for 1 to 120 minutes to form a liquid product having a pour point less than 40.degree. F. (4.4.degree. C.). When the effluent contains at least one contaminant selected from soluble iron and soluble arsenic and is withdrawn from the retort at a temperature of at least 300.degree. F. (149.degree. C.), maintaining the liquid phase at a temperature from 300.degree.-800.degree. F. (149.degree.-427.degree. C.) will cause formation of (1) a precipitate containing iron, arsenic or both and (2) a liquid product having a reduced contaminant content.

Abstract: Mineral oils containing minor or residual amounts of sulfur-containing impurities are upgraded by contact thereof with a cobalt oxide-supported sorbent under sulfur-sorbing conditions. The sorbent is regenerated by a set of sequential treatment steps.

Abstract: A method for separating collidal zeolite crystals from aqueous mother liquor solutions with conventional filtration apparatus by initially freezing the dispersion to a slush and conducting the filtration operation as the slush melts.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing attrition-resistant particles of dolomite or limestone by partially glazing the exterior of the particles with a suitable glaze-forming flux, the resulting composition being useful for removing sulfur dioxide from a combustion gas using the attrition-resistant particles.

Abstract: The pour point of a high-pour-point shale oil is lowered by mixing it with a low-pour-point whole shale oil. Both the method and the resulting composition are claimed.

Abstract: A petroleum distillate feed is upgraded and a substantial C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 olefin product fraction produced by contacting the feed with H-ZSM-5 zeolite at (1) a temperature in the 500.degree.-800.degree. F. range, (2) a pressure below about 13 atmospheres gauge, and (3) an LHSV in the 0.1-15 V/V/Hr range, and fractionating the effluent product stream.

Abstract: Sulfur-containing impurities are removed from a refined hydrocarbon feed by contact thereof with a porous sulfur-reactive agent having a pore volume of at least 0.15 cc per cc of which at least 5% is in pores having a diameter in the range 0.1 to 15 microns. The agent contains at least one sulfur-reactive material from the group copper, iron, zinc and compounds thereof.

Abstract: An improved hydrocarbon hydrocracking process is disclosed wherein residual nitrogen-containing and/or polycyclic hydrocarbon impurities are extracted from bottoms of the resulting hydrocrackate by contacting the bottoms under liquid-liquid extracting conditions with a furfural solution of ferric chloride.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for denitrification of a hydrogenated oil, which is particularly applicable to coal-derived oils. The oil is first coked to yield a solid coke product and a coker oil having a reduced nitrogenous compound content. The coker oil nitrogen compounds are then selectively removed from the oil by liquid-liquid extraction using a solution of ferric chloride in furfural as the extracting medium. The extraction is carried out under moderate conditions of temperature and pressure.

Abstract: Coal may be effectively comminuted and the ash and sulfur content thereof reduced by contacting the coal with a hydrogen halide such as HF.

Abstract: Middle distillate oil is produced with a minimum production of lighter hydrocarbons by (1) contacting hydrogen gas and a heavy distillate oil containing nitrogenous hydrocarbons with a catalyst in a first reaction zone under selected conditions, and (2) contacting hydrogen gas and at least a portion of the resulting effluent from the first zone with a catalyst in a second reaction zone under selected conditions. In each zone the catalyst is a composite of an amorphous silica-alumina carrier and a hydrogenation component wherein the silica and hydrogenation component are highly dispersed.