Abstract: Hydrocarbon mixtures having low sulfur contents are obtained from sulfur-containing vacuum gas oils by hydrodesulfurizing the gas oils under mild hydrodesulfurizing conditions, including use of:1. a select high-activity hydrodesulfurization catalyst,2. a temperature in the range 550.degree.F. to 850.degree. F., and3. a hydrogen partial pressure in the range 300 to 800 psig.New and advantageous results are obtained by integrating the foregoing process with one or more other process steps including:1. hydrodesulfurization of sulfur-containing vacuum residuum,2. solvent deasphalting of vacuum residuum, or3. hydrodesulfurizing a vacuum residuum and delayed coking at least a portion of the product.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for reforming two hydrocarbon feedstocks by contacting one feedstock and hydrogen with a reforming catalyst in a first reforming zone at reforming conditions including a relatively high reforming pressure; separating a hydrogen-rich gas and first hydrocarbon product from the effluent from the first zone at a pressure below the first reforming pressure; recycling a first portion of the hydrogen-rich gas to provide hydrogen for the first reforming zone; contacting the other feedstock and a second portion of the hydrogen-rich gas with a second reforming catalyst in a second reforming zone at reforming conditions including a pressure lower than the first reforming pressure, with all of the hydrogen gas introduced into the second reforming zone being obtained solely from the first reforming zone effluent; and recovering a second hydrocarbon product from the effluent from the second reforming zone.

Abstract: In the absorption of an acid gas by an aqueous alkaline solution under gas-liquid absorption conditions, undesirable foaming is reduced by contacting the aqueous solution in a separate contact zone with a hydrocarbon solvent containing an effective amount of an extraction adjuvant.

Abstract: The hydrogen sulfide content of hydrogen-sulfide-contaminated elemental sulfur in the liquid phase is reduced by an aqueous extraction which is carried out under superatmospheric pressure and a suitable temperature.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for increasing the acid catalytic activity of a crystalline zeolitic aluminosilicate having a Group IIA cation as a substantial portion of its cations, having at least 6-Angstrom-sized pores and being substantially free of hydrogen cations. The activating procedure comprises in sequence a treatment with a reducing atmosphere followed by a treatment with an oxygen-containing gas, the former treatment being at a temperature above 700.degree. C.

Abstract: Waste water containing dissolved acid-gas and ammonia impurities is processed for the separate recovery of the acid gas, ammonia and recycle water. In a further aspect, a purified pyrolysis gas is produced by treating a raw pyrolysis gas product stream utilizing the aforementioned recycle water and a pair of coupled acid-gas-absorber and acid-gas-stripper columns.

Abstract: Method of activating a catalyst composite comprising particles of a catalytic metals-free crystalline zeolitic molecular sieve dispersed in a gel matrix comprising silica-alumina, a Group VI hydrogenating component and a Group VIII hydrogenating component, which method comprises heating said catalyst composite in an oxygen-containing gas stream at 1200.degree. to 1600.degree. F. for 0.25 to 43 hours, and the catalyst composite so activated.

Abstract: A motor fuel comprising 85-99 volume percent gasoline-boiling-range hydrocarbons and 1 to 15 volume percent oxylate.The oxylate consists of tertiary butyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and methyl alcohol. Preferred composition for the oxylate is about 20-90 volume percent tertiary butyl alcohol, 5-40 volume percent isopropyl alcohol, and 5-40 volume percent methyl alcohol.The oxylate improves the octane of the gasoline-boiling-range hydrocarbons more than expected, and the motor fuel containing oxylate is an excellent unleaded gasoline.

Abstract: Disclosed is an integrated process for the generation of power, particularly electrical power, from a solid carbonaceous material. A solid carbonaceous material is gasified to produce a combustible synthesis gas. A first portion of this synthesis gas is contacted with Fischer-Tropsch and hydrogenation catalysts to produce normally liquid hydrocarbons and a second combustible gaseous stream. Portions of the two combustible gaseous streams are combined and combusted and utilized to generate a base-load power output and the liquid hydrocarbons are utilized as a fuel for a gas turbine to produce supplemental power for peak-load demand.

Abstract: A cogelled catalyst comprisng a crystalline zeolitic molecular sieve component containing less than 5 weight percent sodium and containing ions selected from Mn, rare earths of atomic numbers 58-71, and alkaline earths Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba, said catalyst further comprising an alumina-containing gel component, a Group VI hydrogenating component and a Group VIII hydrogenating component, and processes using said catalyst.

Abstract: A catalytic composite suitable for hydrocarbon conversion processes, comprising hydrogen fluoride-antimony pentafluoride supported on fluorided alumina, having a fluorine content of at least 55 weight percent. Preferably the fluorided alumina support contains at least 60 weight percent fluorine and has a surface area less than 10 m.sup.2 /gram. The catalyst is particularly useful for isomerization and alkylation processes.

Abstract: This invention is concerned with catalysts, particularly those useful for hydroconversion, preferably hydrocracking, a process for using the catalysts, and a method for manufacturing the catalysts, which comprises:A. forming a mixture comprising an aqueous gelatinous precipitate containing in intimate admixture a first component, said precipitate comprising an inorganic oxide or precursor thereof;B. forming a catalyst precursor comprising at least one organic-metal-compound precipitate and said gelatinous precipitate by reacting said first component with a second component, said reaction being effected by intimately intermixing said mixture with said second component, said components belonging to different groups, and being selected from the following groups:A. a first group consisting of water soluble transition metal series compounds; andB. a second group consisting of water soluble organic gravimetric reagents for said transition series compounds;C.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for obtaining an early detection and warning of a dangerous temperature excursion in a process using one or more hydrocarbon hydroprocessing reactors operating under otherwise ordinary hydroprocessing conditions. The warning is obtained by monitoring the specific gravity and/or methane content of the light gas fraction of the reactor effluent product stream. Pursuant to the warning, one or more suitable quenching means are employed to control the excursion.

Abstract: A method is provided for impregnating a water-sensitive solid containing micropores, being substantially free of pores having a diameter above 1000 A., and comprising at least one metal oxide with a water-soluble material, said micropores containing a substantially water-insoluble gas, which comprises:1. replacing the water-insoluble gas in said micropores with a hydrophylic gas selected from the group consisting of steam, substantially water-soluble gases, and mixtures thereof by stripping said solid with said hydrophylic gas; and2. impregnating said solid by immersing the stripped solid in an agueous solution of said material.

Abstract: Hydroconversion of hydrocarbons, particularly reforming of naphthas, is conducted in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst comprising technetium in association with a porous solid carrier. Preferably the catalyst contains a platinum group component in addition to technetium.

Abstract: A method is disclosed wherein a water stream is improved by oxidizing sulfur and/or the sulfur content of sub-six-sulfur-containing impurities in the stream to sulfate. In the method, the stream is contacted with molecular oxygen under particular conditions which include an elevated temperature, a substantial oxygen gas partial pressure, a pH of at least 9.6 and the substantial absence of a heavy metal oxidation catalyst. For each gram atom of sub-six sulfur, the contact mixture must contain at least one equivalent of a strong inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide.

Abstract: The effectiveness of gas scrubbing process for the removal of sulfur dioxide from a sulfur-dioxide-containing gas is improved by employing an integrated scrubbing process.

Abstract: A cogelled catalyst comprising a crystalline zeolitic molecular sieve component containing less than 5 weight percent sodium and containing ions selected from Mn, rare earths of atomic numbers 58-71, and alkaline earths Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba, said catalyst further comprising an alumina-containing gel component, a Group VI hydrogenating component and a Group VIII hydrogenating component, and processes using said catalyst.

Abstract: The invention is an improvement in the prior art processes for producing a microorganism using ethylene as a carbon source. The improvement comprises:1. hydrating ethylene by contacting ethylene and water, both being in the vapor phase, with a supported phosphoric acid catalyst to form an aqueous-phase effluent comprising ethanol, diethyl ether, acetaldehyde, dissolved phosphate and water;2. feeding said effluent without substantial purification to a microorganism fermentation zone; and3. withdrawing from the fermentation zone an effluent and separating said microorganisms from said effluent and recycling to said hydration zone at least a portion of the unreacted water, ethanol, ether and aldehydes along with excess residual salts.

Abstract: Method of activating a catalyst composite comprising particles of a catalytic metals-free crystalline zeolitic molecular sieve dispersed in a gel matrix comprising silica-alumina, a Group VI hydrogenating component and a Group VIII hydrogenating component, which method comprises heating said catalyst composite in an oxygen-containing gas stream at 1200.degree. to 1600.degree.F. for 0.25 to 48 hours, and the catalyst composite so activated.