Abstract: Titanium metal values may be recovered from a metal-bearing source containing titanium and iron by subjecting the source to an oxidation treatment and a reductive roast. After having crushed the source to a desired particle size, the reduced source is then leached by treatment with a halogen-containing compound to form soluble halides, following which the soluble titanium halide is precipitated as titanium dioxide by treatment with an iron oxide such as ferric oxide and recovered. The amount of titanium dioxide which is recovered may be optimized by utilizing a reductant such as hydrogen or carbon monoxide in an amount in the range of from about 1.5 to about 4.5 times the stoichiometric amount required to reduce the iron oxide to metallic oxide during the reductive roast.

Abstract: Gas separation membranes may be prepared in a continuous manner by passing a porous support which may, if so desired, be backed by a fabric through a solution of polymethylpentene dissolved in an organic solvent such as hexane. The support member is passed through the solution while one side thereof is in contact with a roller, thereby permitting only one side of the support member to be coated with the polymer. After continuously withdrawing the support member from the bath, the solvent is allowed to evaporate and the resulting membrane is recovered.

Abstract: Multilayer laminates and substrates for carriers of silicon chips which are used in circuitry boards will comprise woven hybrid glass cloth formed from fiberglass and a second material which possesses a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than about 5.0.times.10.sup.-6 in/in/.degree.C. The resulting laminates will be thermally and dimensionally stable. As an example, a hybrid glass cloth may be formed in which the warp yarn of said cloth is fiberglass and the fill yarn is boron nitride. The resulting cloth may be used to form laminates which possess a coefficient of thermal expansion similar in nature to that of a chip carrier such as ceramic, thus minimizing the danger of a solder fracture.

Abstract: Petroleum may be recovered from subterranean reservoirs containing oil in an enhanced oil recovery process by utilizing an aqueous surfactant slug comprising a mixture of a neutralized sulfonate salt of an alkylated gas oil, said gas oil having been obtained from the thermal cracking of coal, a lower alkyl alcohol containing from about 3 to about 6 carbon atoms and a non-ionic surfactant comprising an ethoxylated alcohol containing from about 12 to about 15 carbon atoms. The surfactant slug will provide a low interfacial tension against the oil.

Abstract: The recovery of residual oil which is found in subterranean reservoirs may be accomplished by utilizing an aqueous surfactant slug to reduce the interfacial tension between the oil and water. A surfactant slug which may be used will comprise a mixture of a neutralized sulfonate derivative from powdered coal, a lower alkyl alcohol which possesses from about 3 to about 6 carbon atoms and a non-ionic surfactant comprising an ethoxylated n-alcohol possessing from about 12 to about 15 carbon atoms. The surfactant slug will possess relatively low interfacial tension which may be in the range of from below 10.sup.-3 dynes per cm.

Abstract: Unsaturated carboxylic acids may be reduced to an ester or to a corresponding alcohol by treatment with hydrogen in the presence of a reducing catalyst system. The reducing catalyst system which is used in the present invention comprises rhenium and a nitrogen-containing compound composited on a solid support as exemplified by rhenium and ammonium hydroxide composited on gamma-alumina. By utilizing this catalyst system, it is possible to obtain products in which the carbonyl group of the molecule has been reduced with some retention of the double bond of the carbon chain.

Abstract: Unsaturated carboxylic acids may be reduced to the corresponding alcohols and esters while maintaining some degree of unsaturation in the carbon atom chain of the molecule by treating said acids with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst system comprising rhenium composited on a solid support such as alumina and a phosphorous-containing compound as a modifier. The catalyst which is employed at reaction condition, including a temperature in the range of from about 100.degree. to about 500.degree. C. and a pressure in the range of from about 100 to about 5000 psi, may be exemplified by rhenium composited on gamma-alumina and hypophosphorous acid.

Abstract: Corrosion and scale-inhibiting compositions which are useful in recirculating aqueous systems comprise a mixture of a phosphate compound, a phosphonate compound comprising 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid or nitrilotris(methylene)triphosphonic acid, an aryl triazole, and a salt of a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten and chromium. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the phosphate compound is present in a weight percent ratio in the range of from about 2.5:1 to about 4:1 weight percent per weight percent of the metal salt. An example of an effective anti-corrosion composition comprises a mixture of sodium tripolyphosphate, 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, benzotriazole and sodium molybdate, said composition being present in an amount of from about 5 to about 5,000 ppm.

Abstract: Catalytic compositions of matter which are useful in oligomerization and alkylation reactions may be prepared by treating a metal oxide support such as alumina with an aqueous solution of an acid, washing the treated metal oxide with an aqueous solution of an alkaline compound followed by drying and calcining the support. The treated support which contains added hydroxyl groups on the surface thereof is then impregnated with boron trifluoride to form the desired catalyst. The catalyst which possesses a high activity may be used at lower reaction conditions to give comparable results of conversion and selectivity.

Abstract: Laminates for printed circuit boards may comprise a metal-covered, relatively thin high temperature-resistant barrier material bonded to at least one side of a core material, the temperature resistance of the barrier layer being greater than that of the core. An example of the laminate will comprise a core material comprising an epoxy/glass laminate to which is bonded on both sides a barrier layer comprising a polyimide resin, said polyimide resin having a copper foil on the outer surface thereof. The laminates may be prepared by laying up a metal-clad high temperature-resistant barrier which has been fully cured on the core material followed by lamination of the composite at a temperature in the range of from about 150.degree. F. to about 450.degree. F. and a pressure in the range of from about 100 to about 1200 psi.

Abstract: Polyhydroxylated compounds such as glucose, sucrose, sorbitol, etc. are subjected to a hydrogenolysis reaction at hydrogenolysis conditions which include a temperature in the range of from about 175.degree. to about 250.degree. C. and a pressure in the range of from about 10 to about 2000 pounds per square inch in the presence of a catalytic composition of matter. The catalyst comprises a carbonaceous pyropolymer possessing recurring units containing at least carbon and hydrogen atoms which is impregnated with a transition metal. The products which are obtained will include alcohols, acids, ketones, ethers, and hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Alcohols may be obtained by an indirect hydration of olefinic hydrocarbons in which said olefinic hydrocarbon is esterified by treatment with an inorganic acid to form dialkyl and alkyl hydrogen salts. The esters are then hydrolyzed with water, the reconstituted acid is stripped by means of a stripping agent such as nitrogen gas, and the resulting alcohols and ethers are recovered. The alcohol production is separated from the dialkyl ether, the latter then being subjected to further treatment such as thermal decomposition and hydrolysis to form an additional amount of the desired alcohol. The reconstituted inorganic acid may be recycled for use as an esterifying agent without having to reconstitute the acid.

Abstract: Conductive pigment-coated surfaces may be prepared by alloying a nonnoble conductive metal with an oxidizable material, admixing the alloy with an organic vehicle and a binder to form an ink followed by firing the ink in an oxidizing atmosphere containing about 20% by volume of oxygen at a temperature in excess of 1000.degree. F. If so desired, a vitreous frit may also be present in the mixture. The resulting ink will possess desirable characteristics such as increased resistivity to oxidation, and increased firing strength when the oxidizable material such as boron is present in the alloy in an amount in the range of from about 12% to about 25% by weight.

Abstract: Trace amounts of catalysts which are present in products resulting from organic reactions, such as rhodium which is present in the alcohol products resulting from a hydroformylation reaction, may be removed by treating the aforesaid products with a solid adsorbent such as a metal compound of Groups IA or IIA of the Periodic Table, molecular sieves or ion-exchange resins at a temperature in the range of from about ambient to about 100.degree. C. and a pressure in the range of from about atmospheric to about 100 atmospheres.

Abstract: Alcohols may be obtained by the indirect hydration of olefinic hydrocarbons in which the olefinic hydrocarbon is esterified by treatment with an organic acid such as acetic acid. The organic esters may then be hydrolyzed by treatment with water to form hydrolysis products comprising alcohols and ethers which may be separated from the reconstituted organic acid. The alcohol products are then separated from the ether product, the latter which may then be further treated by thermal cracking, decomposition, or hydrolysis to form an additional amount of the desired alcohol.

Abstract: The recovery of metal values such as cobalt may be improved in a hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from metal-bearing sources such as ores and the like. The hydrometallurgical recovery process involves subjecting a metal-bearing source to a reductive roast in a reducing atmosphere after having treated said source with at least one additive. Thereafter, the reduced metal-bearing source is cooled and extracted by a leaching operation such as treatment with an ammoniacal ammonium salt solution. The leaching step is followed by a separation of various metal values by adding a solid adsorbent to the leach solution whereby selective metal ions are adsorbed thereon. The improvement of the process involves subjecting the solid adsorbent to a stripping operation with a stripping agent such as steam or a gas at an elevated temperature prior to recovery of the adsorbed metal ions from the solid adsorbent by conventional means such as acid-stripping.

Abstract: The peel strength of metal-clad polymers such as a polyimide polymer may be increased by treating said polymer with a gas plasma prior to the deposition of the metal thereon. The gas plasma is provided for by the introduction of a gas such as helium, argon, compositions of gases such as carbon tetrafluoride and oxygen over the surface of the polymer while said polymer is in an electrical field in which the power may range from about 3.8.times.10.sup.-3 watts/cm.sup.2 to about 100 watts/cm.sup.2.

Abstract: Saccharides such as glucose, fructose, starch, etc. may be hydrogenated by treatment with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst which comprises a metal of Group VIII of the Periodic Table composited on a support comprising a carbonaceous pyropolymer possessing recurring units containing at least carbon and hydrogen atoms at a temperature in the range of from about 90.degree. to about 150.degree. C. and a pressure in the range of from about 500 to about 3000 psi to obtain polyols. In such a manner, glucose may be hydrogenated to sorbitol and mannitol.

Abstract: Alcohols may be obtained by an indirect hydration of olefinic hydrocarbons in which the olefinic hydrocarbon is first esterified by treatment with an inorganic acid to form dialkyl and alkyl hydrogen salts. These salts are then trans-esterified by treatment with an organic acid to form an organic ester. The reconstituted inorganic acid is separated from this mixture by stripping and recycled, while the organic esters are then treated with water in a hydrolysis step to reconstitute the organic acid and form the desired alcohol and ether. The alcohol product is separated from the ether which may then be further treated by thermal decomposition or hydrolysis to form an additional amount of the desired alcohol.

Abstract: Alcohol may be synthesized by treating olefinic hydrocarbons with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a hydroformylation zone utilizing a rhodium complex catalyst to effect the reaction. Following formation of the alcohol, the catalyst may be extracted from the alcohol by treatment with an aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution. Thereafter the aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution containing the catalyst is then stripped of ammonia by treatment with carbon monoxide or carbon monoxide containing gas. The aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution containing the rhodium complex catalyst is then stripped of a portion of water and the remaining solution is thereafter recycled to the hydroformylation zone.