Abstract: Woven hybrid glass cloths which may be utilized as chip carrier substrates and as inner layers in multi-layer laminate circuit boards which will be stable due to a desired co-efficient of thermal expansion may be prepared by weaving fiberglass with a second material which possesses a co-efficient of thermal expansion of less than 5.0.times.10.sup.-6 inch/inch/.degree.C. The mixture of fiberglass in this material may be used as a warp and a fill yarn. The thus woven cloth will possess a dimensional stability suitable for use in preparing multi-layer materials and for use in direct mounting ceramic chip carriers to this chip carrier substrate. Examples of materials which possess a co-efficient of thermal expansion of less than the desired number will include nylon filaments, ceramics, boron nitrite filaments, etc.

Abstract: The removal of silica from an iron-bearing source which is treated to produce an iron powder which may be used in powder metallurgical applications may be facilitated by subjecting the reduced iron-bearing source such as magnetite to a sparge with an oxygen-containing gas such as oxygen or air prior to a caustic leach step. The sparge of the caustic-magnetite slurry is effected at ambient temperatures and pressures which may range from about 10 to about 1000 psi for a period of time ranging from about 0.1 to about 1 hour. By utilizing this sparge, the leaching capacity of the caustic leach solution appreciably increased.

Abstract: The production of alcohols in which an olefinic hydrocarbon is hydrated with a liquid water in the presence of an aqueous sulfur-containing acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid may be improved by effecting the reaction in the presence of a solid, porous carbon support which will act as the co-catalyst or promoter. The hydration reactions which are employed for the process will include a temperature in the range of from about 100.degree. to about 300.degree. C. and a pressure in the range of from about 1 to about 300 atmospheres.

Abstract: Alcohols may be synthesized by reacting an olefinic hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst comprising a rhodium carbonyl or organohodium complex and a promoter comprising ammonia at temperatures in the range of from about 50.degree. to about 250.degree. C. and a pressure in the range of from about 10 to about 300 atmospheres to produce the desired alcohol.

Abstract: Aromatic aldehydes may be prepared by subjecting a methyl-substituted aromatic compound to an electrical energy which includes a direct electrical current utilizing a basic medium to form an acetal, following which the acetal may be converted to the desired aldehyde by subjecting said acetal to acid hydrolysis.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting the corrosion of metals in contact with petroleum and petroleum fractions other than gasoline comprises contacting metal surfaces with a corrosion inhibiting amount of bis-amides resulting from reaction of one mole of amine with one equivalent of a dicarboxylic acid.

Abstract: Unsaturated carboxylic acids, as exemplified by oleic acid, erucic acid, crotonic acid, etc., may be subjected to a reduction reaction by treatment with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst comprising cadmium and rhenium composited on a solid support such as alumina. The reduction reaction is effected at elevated temperatures and pressures, a specific feature of the reaction process being that hydrogen is continuously bled from the reactor during the reaction period. This feature results in obtaining a higher selectivity of esters and alcohols which retain the unsaturation of the original starting material.

Abstract: Olefinic hydrocarbons may be hydrated to form corresponding alcohols by treating said olefins with water in the presence of an acidic compound which acts as a catalyst, said hydration reaction being effected at a temperature in the range of from about 100.degree. to about 300.degree. C. and a pressure in the range of from about 1 to about 100 atmospheres. In addition, the reaction medium also contains a salt of a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, barium, beryllium and radium, said metal salts suppressing the corrosive nature of the acid catalyst and thus permitting the reaction to be effected in normal metal reactors.

Abstract: Unsaturated carboxylic acids may be subjected to a reduction process in which the resulting product retains the unsaturation of the starting acids by effecting the reaction in the presence of a catalyst comprising cadmium and rhenium composited on a solid support such as alumina. If so desired, the catalyst composite may also contain a noble metal of Group VIII of the Periodic Table.

Abstract: The peel strength of metal-clad polymers may be increased by treating a polymer such as polysulfone with a gas plasma prior to the deposition of the metal thereon. The gas plasma is provided for by the introduction of a gas such as helium, argon, etc. over the surface of the polymer while said polymer is in an electric field in which the power may range from about 50 to about 15,000 watts.

Abstract: Various sugars and particularly sucrose may be separated from mixtures of sugars including glucose, fructose, raffinose, etc. by treating an aqueous solution of the sugar source containing these sugars with an adsorbent which will selectively adsorb sucrose thereon. Thereafter the sucrose may be desorbed from the adsorbent by treatment with a desorbent material. In the process of the present invention the adsorbent will comprise a shaped replicate of a particle aggregate comprising a carbonaceous pyropolymer containing recurring units of at least carbon and hydrogen atoms while the desorbent material will comprise an aqueous alcoholic solution. The preferred alcohols contain methanol and ethanol and will be present in the aqueous alcoholic solution in an amount in the range of from about 10% to about 50% by weight.

Abstract: Integral shaped replication composites which may be useful for supports for catalysts or as adsorbents comprise a carbonaceous pyropolymeric structure which has been prepared by treating an inorganic support with an organic pyropolymer precursor and pyrolyzing the precursor to form a carbonaceous pyropolymer possessing recurring units containing at least carbon and hydrogen atoms on the surface of the support. This carbonaceous pyropolymer will duplicate the physical shape and dimensions of the inorganic support as well as a substantial portion of the pore structure thereof. The integral shaped replication will possess an ABD which is about 25% to 100% of the ABD of the inorganic support, and have a crush strength of from about 0.5 to about 14 kilograms. The composite comprising the carbonaceous pyropolymer on the surface of the support may then be leached with an acid or base to remove the inorganic support, thus leaving a shaped replication of particle aggregates.

Abstract: Alcohols may be synthesized by treating an olefinic hydrocarbon with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a hydroformylation zone using a rhodium complex catalyst and an amine modifier to effect the reaction. Following the formation of the alcohol, a catalyst may be extracted from said alcohol by treatment with an aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution. Following this, the aqueous ammonium solution containing the rhodium catalyst is subjected to an extraction process utilizing the amine modifier as the extractant and thereafter recycling the rhodium complex catalyst and amine modifier to the hydroformylation zone.

Abstract: In a hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of metal values from a metal bearing source in which a metal bearing source is treated at a temperature in the range of from about 300.degree. to about 900.degree. C. in a reducing atmosphere in contact with an additive such as a hydrogen halide and sulfur followed by cooling and extracting the source with a basic or acidic solution, the recovery of the desired metal value may be improved by adding the hydrogen halide to the source at a temperature below about 500.degree. C.

Abstract: Olefinic hydrocarbons may be etherified by reaction with an alcohol in the presence of a phthalocyanine sulfonic acid catalyst at reaction conditions which will include a temperature in the range of from about 30.degree. to about 200.degree. C. and a pressure in the range of from about 1 to about 100 atmospheres. The phthalocyanine sulfonic acids which are employed in this process may, if so desired, contain a metal component such as cobalt, vanadium, tin, nickel, etc. and may also be composited on a solid support such as charcoal.

Abstract: Mono-tertiary butylhydroquinone may be prepared in a continuous method of operation by reacting hydroquinone with isobutylene in the presence of an acidic alumina catalyst. The alkylation is effected in a reaction medium which comprises an ether, and particularly a polyether such as the dimethyl ether of triethylene glycol.

Abstract: Hydroxy-substituted aromatic compounds may be alkylated by treatment with an alkylating agent such as an olefin or an alcohol at a temperature in the range of from about 50.degree. to about 200.degree. C. and a pressure in the range of from about atmospheric to about 100 atmospheres in the presence of a fluoro-substituted resin. The resulting product will comprise both mono- and di-alkylated hydroxy-substituted aromatic compounds.

Abstract: Hydroquinone is subjected to an alkylation reaction utilizing isobutylene or t-butyl alcohol as the alkylating agent to obtain t-butyl hydroquinone. The alkylation reaction is effected in the presence of an acidic catalyst such as phosphoric acid at temperatures ranging from about 75.degree. to about 200.degree. C. and a pressure in the range of from about atmospheric to about 100 atmospheres. By employing a mixture of a nonpolar hydrocarbon solvent such as xylene and an aliphatic ketone such as 2-heptanone, it is possible to obtain a greater ratio of mono-alkylated product to di-alkylated product.

Abstract: Desired metal values are recovered from metal-bearing sources by subjecting said metal-bearing sources to a reduction step which is effected in an aqueous solution of an ammoniacal ammonium salt containing a reducing reagent such as hydrazine, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, etc., or by treatment with carbon monoxide in the presence of a metal chelate such as that formed from cobalt sulfate and dimethyl glyoxime, and thereafter subjecting the reduced source to an oxidative leach by treatment wth an oxygen-containing gas such as air or oxygen. The reducing step is effected at ambient temperatures and pressures and the oxidative step is effected at ambient temperatures and pressures ranging from about 5 to about 500 psig. Desired metal values such as nickel and cobalt may be recovered in commercially attractive yields.

Abstract: The electrical conductivity of metallic surfaces may be regenerated in situ by treating the surface with a regenerating agent in the form of a hydrogen halide such as hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen halide may be utilized in either liquid, gaseous or vaporous form. If so desired, an ammonium salt such as ammonium chloride may also be used to enhance the regenerative powers of the hydrogen halide. For example, the surface of steel may be treated with hydrogen chloride and ammonium chloride to enhance the formation of ferric oxide which possesses a greater electrical conductivity than does ferrous oxide.