Abstract: This invention is directed to a staged process for producing liquids from coal or similar carbonaceous feeds combining a pretreatment stage and a liquefaction stage. In the process, the feed is dispersed in an organic solvent and reacted with carbon monoxide at an elevated temperature and pressure. The so pretreated coal is sent to a liquefaction reactor, wherein the coal is reacted in the presence of hydrogen and catalyst to produce valuable liquid fuels or feedstocks.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for removing elemental sulfur from fluids such as refined petroleum products transported through pipelines for the transportation of sour hydrocarbon streams. The sulfur-containing fluids are mixed with an inorganic caustic material, an alkyl alcohol and an organo mercaptan or sulfide compound capable of reacting with sulfur to form a fluid-insoluble polysulfide salt reaction product at ambient reaction temperatures. The treated fluid is then contacted with an adsorbent or filtered to remove the insoluble salt leaving a product of very low residual sulfur content.

Abstract: A process for removing elemental sulfur from fluids such as refined petroleum products transported through pipelines for the transportation of sour hydrocarbon streams. The fluids are contacted with a soluble quaternary ammonium hydroxide and preferably an organo mercaptan and alcohol to convert the elemental sulfur to a soluble polysulfide product which is substantially non-corrosive.

Abstract: A process for removing elemental sulfur from fluids such as refined petroleum products transported through pipelines for the transportation of sour hydrocarbon streams. The fluids are contacted with an aqueous solution containing caustic, sulfide and optionally elemental sulfur to produce an aqueous layer containing metal polysulfides and a clear fluid layer having a reduced elemental sulfur level. Organo mercaptans may also be mixed with the fluid to accelerate the removal of elemental sulfur.

Abstract: Disclosed are devices for introducing and uniformly distributing spent catalyst into a regenerator bed of a fluid catalytic cracking unit. Also disclosed are devices for collecting and discharging regenerated catalyst from the regenerator bed. The devices provide more uniform contacting of the spent catalyst particles with regeneration gas and consequently more efficient and complete regeneration.

Abstract: Several techniques for reducing the amount of time between initiation of a terminal request through a dial-up telephone line and the actual initiation of transactions between the terminal and a host computer. By using a ring down or hotline circuit configuration dialing and call setup time can be saved. With the ring down use no login procedure is necessary to ensure secure access to the host computer. The ring generation period is shortened to just an interval sufficient to allow the host modem to recognize the ring, with the ring indication period also begin shortened. The modems can be set to fixed baud rates, but in a more preferred embodiment the terminal modem transmits the originate carrier prior to the host modem picking up the line. The host modem then senses the originate carrier quickly and provides the answer carrier. The silent interval prior to operation of the host modem is removed.

Abstract: An improved process for the hydroconversion of coal, wherein coal is slurried in an organic solvent and subjected to pretreatment with carbon monoxide, followed by separation of a solvent-soluble phase comprising hydrocarbon material from the coal, and subsequently hydroconverting the extracted material in a hydroconversion reactor. The extracted material consists of a relatively hydrogen-rich material which is readily hydroconverted to valuable liquid products in high yield. The coal residue is relatively hydrogen deficient material which can be gasified to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide for the hydroconversion and pretreatment stages, respectively.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a middle distillate fuel having a boiling range within about 120.degree. to about 400.degree. C. which has enhanced low temperature flow properties. These enhanced properties are provided by the addition of a mixture comprising:a) the sulfonamide or amine salt reaction product of an alkylaryl sulfonic acid having from about 10 to about 70 carbon atoms and a primary, secondary tertiary or quaternary amine having from 4 to about 40 carbon atoms;b) an alkyl diphenyl ether wherein the alkyl group contains from about 16 to about 44 carbon atoms; andc) an oil soluble nitrogen-containing compound containing a total of about 30 to about 300 carbon atoms and having at least one straight chain alkyl segment of 8 to 40 carbon atoms and selected from the class consisting of the amine salt and/or amide reaction product of a hydrocarbyl carboxylic acid or anhydride having 1 to 4 carbonyl groups and a primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary amine having from 4 to about 40 carbon atoms.

Abstract: An improved process for reducing nitrogen oxide emissions to the atmosphere comprises the injection of ammonia vapor, formed by the vaporization of an aqueous ammonia solution, into a combustion effluent. A dilute aqueous ammonia phase, produced by such vaporization, may also be injected, either in vapor or liquid form, into a combustion effluent. Temperature and pressure control of such vaporization may be used to maintain the desired concentration of ammonia injected into the combustion effluent.

Abstract: A wax-containing middle distillate, such as diesel fuel, having improved low temperature flow properties comprises three or more components including (A) an oil-soluble ethylene backbone flow improving polymer such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, (B) a hydrocarbyl substituted amine salt and/or amide of a carboxylic acid or anhydride such as phthalic anhydride salts, and (C) a hydrocarbyl substituted amine salt and/or amide of a derivative of benzoic acid such as the dihydrogenerated tallow amine salt of an alkyl substituted dithiobenzoic acid.

Abstract: A wax-containing middle distillate, such as diesel fuel, having improved low temperature flow properties comprises three or more components including (A) an oil-soluble ethylene backbone flow improving polymer such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, (B) a hydrocarbyl substituted amine salt and/or amide of a carboxylic acid or anhydride such as phthalic anhydride salts, and (C) a hydrocarbyl substituted amine salt of a derivative of phosphoric acid such as the dihydrogenated tallow amine salt of dialkyldithiophosphoric acid.

Abstract: A lubricating oil composition having improved antiwear, antioxidation, and extreme pressure performance comprises a lubricating oil and a long chain hydrocarbyl amine, such as tallow amine, salt or amide of a derivative of benzoic acid or dithiobenzoic acid such as 4-hydroxy-3, 5-di-tert-butyldithiobenzoic acid.

Abstract: A slurry hydrotreating process is described in which a hydrotreating catalyst of small particle size is contacted with a heavy fossil fuel. High catalyst activity is maintained by circulating the catalyst between a hydrotreating zone and a reactivating zone where the catalyst is hydrogen stripped.

Abstract: An improved process for the hydroconversion of coal comprising pretreating coal in an aqueous carbon monoxide-containing environment, followed by extracting a soluble hydrocarbon material from the coal, and subsequently hydroconverting the extracted material in a hydroconversion reactor. The extracted material consists of a relatively hydrogen-rich material which is readily converted to valuable liquid products in high yield. The residue from the extraction stage is relatively hydrogen deficient material which can be gasified to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide for the hydroconversion and pretreatment stages, respectively.

Abstract: Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites having increased silica to alumina mole ratios are prepared by a process wherein a conventional crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite is treated to remove alumina from the crystal lattice. By-product non-framework amorphous alumina is then selectively removed from the zeolite either by using a blocking agent, to prevent removal of framework aluminum during a subsequent acid treatment, or by using a selective organic acid extracting agent. The invention is also directed to high silica crystalline zeolites prepared by the present process.

Abstract: Waste water comprising organic pollutants, a Group II A metal component and a high concentration of an alkali metal component, such as produced water, is treated with an acclimated biomass of anaerobic microorganisms to decompose the organic pollutants to carbon dioxide and methane.

Abstract: A method of reducing the concentration of metal contaminants, such as vanadium and nickel, in a petroleum distillate or other hydrocarbonaceous liquid is disclosed. The method comprises demetallizing the distillate over an activated-carbon supported vanadium catalyst.

Abstract: A novel zeolite hydrocracking catalyst which contains NH.sub.4.sup.+ sites, at ambient temperatures, and surface sites constituted of a chemisorbed silica-containing species, and process for producing said catalyst. The process for preparation of the catalyst includes a series of steps: an initial step wherein an acid zeolite, or acid zeolite hydrocracking catalyst, is treated with an agent, e.g., a nitrogen-containing compound, suitably ammonia, to convert the H.sup.+ sites throughout said zeolite framework to NH.sub.4.sup.+ sites, and a subsequent post treatment of said NH.sub.4.sup.+ zeolite with an organosilane to silylate, modify and form on the surface of said zeolite a chemisorbed silica species, e.g., --O--Si(CH.sub.3).sub.3. The surface silylated catalyst is useful for the production of high octane gasoline. When employed at elevated temperatures in a hydrocracking operation the catalyst will evolve ammonia and convert to a surface silylated H.sup.

Abstract: Waste water, such as water separated from crude oil at a production well which comprises an alkali metal component, a Group II A metal component, organic pollutants and insoluble oils and solids, is treated by the sequential steps of oils and solids removal, H.sub.2 S removal, anaerobic treatment and aerobic treatment.

Abstract: A gas desulfurization process is provided in which a gaseous mixture comprising sulfur oxides is contacted in an absorption zone, at absorption conditions, with an aqueous composition comprising ammonium carbonate, or ammonium bicarbonate or mixtures thereof, in an amount such that the product of the partial pressures of the sulfur oxides and ammonia over said aqueous composition is below a specified limit, to produce a gaseous product having a decreased content of sulfur oxides and a decreased appearance of blue haze. A combination nitrogen oxides removal (deNO.sub.x) and desulfurization (deSO.sub.x) process is also provided.