Abstract: A lens capable of a short distance photographing satisfies .vertline..beta.M.vertline.>0.25 (.beta.M is the photographing magnification at a shortest photographing distance). The lens includes a plurality of lens groups respectively having positive or negative refracting powers. An interval between two neighboring lens groups changes for focusing, and at least a partial lens group, located at an image side of a lens group which is movable for focusing, is a vibration reduction lens group which is movable in a direction substantially perpendicular to an optical axis.

Abstract: In a zoom lens system in which the movement locus of a focusing lens unit is defined by synthesizing a focus cam and a zoom compensation cam, when the sensitivity of movement of an image point in association with the movement, in the direction of the optical axis, of the focusing lens unit in a closest in-focus state is larger than that in an infinity in-focus state, the ratio of the amount of rotation for focusing upon focusing from the infinity position to the closest distance position to the amount of rotation for zooming from the wide-angle end to the telephoto end in the focus cam is set to fall within a predetermined range, so that the sensitivity of movement of an image point in association with the movement, in the direction of rotation, of the focusing lens unit satisfies a specific condition.

Abstract: A post device, which is yieldable when hit by a vehicle, comprises a post with a base having at least three spaced-apart fixtures fixedly attached thereto, and a foundation with a fixing device supporting at least three spaced-apart rods, which are arranged to cooperate with the fixtures, thereby securing the post to the foundation. The fixtures are arranged on the outside of the base and embrace the associated rods and are each provided with a through opening or slot which is oriented substantially in the longitudinal direction of the post. Stop devices each engage an associated rod and an upper portion of an associated fixture.

Abstract: A device (e.g., a camera) loaded with a film unit operates to detect a characteristic of the film unit, such as the state of an information part of the film unit. The detection result is used as a basis to control the performance of a further operation, such as a phototaking operation or a state-setting operation for the information part.

Abstract: A ball screw device is designed such that a load axially applied to a ball nut is uniformly supported by balls of all ball screw groove portions. The design is such that a gap along a load acting line between a ball and a ball screw groove portion farther from an attachment portion of the ball nut is smaller than a gap between a ball and a ball screw groove portion closer to the attachment portion, by an amount corresponding to an elastic deformation caused in the corresponding screw groove portion of the ball nut by a load acting on the ball nut.

Abstract: A camera control device is provided with a determination device for dividing the image frame into plural areas including a central area and determining the object distance in each of the areas; a focal length detecting device for detecting the focal length of a phototaking lens; an eye-gaze direction detecting device for detecting the position of the eye-gaze of the user, corresponding to one of the areas of the image frame, thereby specifying the area desired by the user; a phototaking magnification calculating device for calculating the phototaking magnification in each of the areas, based on the output of the focal length detecting device and that of the determination device; and an area selecting device for selecting either the central area in case the phototaking magnification in the central area, calculated by the above-mentioned calculating device exceeds a predetermined value, or an area specified by the eye-gaze direction detecting device in case the above-mentioned predetermined value is not exceede

Abstract: A display driving apparatus, which can automatically optimize a visual state in accordance with a temperature in a photographing operation, a photographing attitude of a user, and a user's preference, is disclosed. The apparatus may include an electro-optical display unit, a temperature detection unit for detecting an ambient temperature of the electro-optical display unit, and generating a temperature detection signal, a bias value generation unit for generating a bias value to the electro-optical display unit, a changing unit for changing the bias value, a storage unit for storing a plurality of bias values changed by the changing unit in correspondence with the temperature detection signals, and a bias value control unit for executing statistical processing of the plurality of bias values stored in the storage unit, and controlling the bias value generation unit on the basis of the processing result.

Abstract: There is provided a zoom lens of an inner focusing system which is capable of an auto-focusing operation and a manual focusing operation with a high precision.A zoom lens system in which a movement locus of a focusing lens unit is defined by synthesizing a focus cam and a zoom compensation cam is arranged such that a ratio of an amount of rotation for focusing from infinity to closest to an amount of rotation for zooming from wide angle to telephoto in the focus cam is set within a predetermined range so that, when the sensitivity of a movement of an imaging point with respect to a movement of the focusing lens unit in the direction of the optical axis in the closest in-focus state is larger than that in the infinity in-focus state, the sensitivity of the movement of the imaging point with respect to the movement of the focusing lens unit in the rotational direction satisfies specific conditions.

Abstract: An illuminating optical apparatus comprises a light source providing a light beam; a rotationally symmetrical mirror having an aperture of a predetermined shape; a collimating optical system for converting the light beam, coming from the light source and condensed by the rotationally symmetrical mirror, into a substantially parallel light beam; a multiple light source forming device for forming plural secondary light sources by said substantially parallel light beam; and a condenser optical system for condensing the light beam from the multiple light source forming device, thereby uniformly illuminating an object of illumination. The collimating optical system is adapted to form an image of the reflecting surface of the rotationally symmetrical mirror on a predetermined plane of the multiple light source forming device.

Abstract: A control device for a motor having a stator that generates traveling vibration waves in an elastic member by the excitation of a piezoelectric member, a rotor pressed to contact with the stator and driven by the traveling vibration waves, and a power supply circuit that generates at least one pair of input alternating voltages which are out of phase for exciting the piezoelectric member, and being driven by the vibration waves, comprises a judgment circuit for judging whether the rotor is in an abnormal operating condition, and an amplifying circuit for increasing the voltage magnitude of a pair of alternating voltages from the power supply circuit to a value greater than a predetermined value exceeding the rated voltage of the motor, in response to the fact that the judgment circuit judges that an abnormal operating condition of the motor is in effect.

Abstract: An outlet closure element in the embodiment is a metal or other material, e.g., plastic, plate which is circular in plan, formed in one piece and which has a substantially central frusto-conical upwardly directly (as considered in use) inset or profile. The periphery of the rim element has a plurality of projecting interengaging portions, in the embodiment four, equiangularly spaced, bayonet shaped locators or slots for releasable interengaging cooperation with members in the form of four bayonet kind of lugs located on the periphery of the outlet of the container.

Abstract: A projection exposure apparatus has an illumination optical system for directing exposure light to an illumination area with a predetermined shape on a mask with a pattern for transfer; a projection optical system for projecting an image of the pattern within the illumination area of the mask to a photosensitive substrate; a mask stage for scanning the mask in a predetermined scan direction with respect to the illumination area; and a substrate stage for scanning the photosensitive substrate in a direction corresponding to the scan direction in synchronism with the scanning of the mask. The relative positions of an image plane of the projection optical system and an exposure surface of the photosensitive substrate are changeable in the direction of the axis of the projection optical system and changed in a predetermined cycle when performing the scanning while projecting the image of the pattern of the mask to the photosensitive substrate.

Abstract: A substrate holding apparatus is provided with a plate-shaped substrated holding unit including a first surface having plural protruding portions coming into contact with a plate-shaped substrate. The apparatus is a substantially flat second surface and adapted to support the substrate on the substrate holding unit by suction and comprises a temperature regulating unit which is composed of a material of a high thermal conductivity and positioned as to contact the second surface, a heat discharging the heat from the substrate holding unit, and a heat discharge control unit for controlling the heat discharging property of the heat discharging unit.

Abstract: An anti-shake camera includes a camera shake correction lens for correcting image blurring caused by a camera shake, a camera shake correction lens position detection device for detecting the moving position of the camera shake correction lens, and an indication device for indicating a shaking direction of the camera so as to decrease the moving amount of the camera shake correction lens from a neutral position.

Abstract: A camera anti-shaking device has an optical shake detection device which uses an optical sensor and a mechanical shake detection device which uses a mechanical sensor, and selectively uses the outputs of both detection devices in accordance with a situation to compensate the shake. The anti-shake device includes shake compensation means for compensating the shake in response to the output from the shake detection device, and shake calculation output switching means for selecting the output produced by the mechanical sensor for supplying it to the shake compensation means when the detection of the shake is not attainable by the optical sensor.

Abstract: An optical system includes a first lens group having a positive refractive power, a second lens group having a negative refractive power, and a third lens group having a positive refractive power. The third lens group comprises at least one positive lens and at least one negative lens. The second lens group is movable along a direction of an optical axis, and the third lens group is movable in a direction substantially perpendicular to the optical axis. The optical system satisfies:0.25<F1/FT<0.46where FT is the focal length of the optical system, and F1 is the focal length of the first lens group.

Abstract: Excitation signals having a phase difference of 120.degree. are generated based on a count of a ring counter and they are supplied to a phase detection type resolver. An output of the resolver is compared with zero level by a comparator to generate uncorrected position data .theta..sub.F which is supplied to a digital delay circuit to delay it in accordance with a position correction value .DELTA..theta. from a position correction ROM to generate corrected position data .theta..sub.B. The corrected position data is supplied to a latch circuit which latches a count of a ring counter and a velocity detection circuit to produce resolver position data .theta..sub.P and velocity data .DELTA.T, which are added and the sum is supplied to the position correction ROM as address data. The velocity data .DELTA.T is converted to a pulse by a pulse generator and it is accumulated by an accumulation counter to detect a position of a moving part.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the refractive power of an optical system has a scan optical system for scanning a fundus with slit light beams, a measuring optical system for taking the slit light beams reflected from the fundus of the examined eye, a plurality of light receivers for detecting the slit light beams taken in by the measuring optical system, and a calculator for obtaining Fourier spectrums by Fourier-transforming detection signals of the plurality of light receivers and thus calculating the eye refractive power of the examined eye on the basis of predetermined frequency components of Fourier spectrums of the detection signals.

Abstract: A method of aligning a substrate on which a plurality of pattern areas are to be formed in a predetermined characteristic arrangement relative to a predetermined reference point comprises the step of setting the coordinates of the arrangement on the substrate and forming at least one pair of fiducial marks at design positions asymmetrical with respect to at least one axis of the coordinates, the step of detecting the locations of the fiducial marks relative to the reference point, and the step of moving the substrate in such a direction that the relative deviation between the detected locations and the reference point becomes a predetermined value.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes a light deflection unit for deflecting a light beam emitted by a light source to be incident on an object to be irradiated, a polarization state adjusting unit for adjusting the polarization state of the light beam, so that the light beam to be incident on the object to be irradiated has a predetermined polarization state with respect to the object to be irradiated, and a rotary driving unit for rotating the light deflection unit and the polarization state adjusting unit together so that the light beam deflected by the light deflection unit scans the object to be irradiated.