Abstract: By pretreating lignocellulose with an alkaline pretreatment liquor containing anthraquinone or a related compound, prior to alkaline digestion, a higher yield of pulp having a lower lignin content can be produced using less alkali. The pretreatment step is carried out under conditions that ensure survival of at least 50% of the anthraquinone or related compound in the pretreatment liquor, which is separated from the pretreated lignocellulose and reused to pretreat other lignocellulose.

Abstract: A conventional fin-type seam formed on tubed bag forming sheet material provided on one face with heat sealable material, has heat sealed overlapping edge portions forming the seam. The fin slides over a back-up plate extending between it and the body of the tube to prevent scuffing of the heat sealable material with consequent seal failure. A tracking wheel engaging the fin presses it against the back-up plate, and maintains alignment.

Abstract: The pulping of lignocellulosic material in the presence of oxygen gas and an alkaline liquid is improved by carrying out the process in two stages. In the first stage, the alkaline liquid is trickled over the material as the oxygen is passed up through the material. In the second stage, the material is submerged in oxygenated alkaline liquid which flows through the material.

Abstract: This invention is a heatseal die which is intended to replace one die of a pair of heatseal dies normally employed in a packaging machine. The die of the invention differs from the die normally employed in that the lower portion of the die face, which forms the heatseal at the top of the package, has ribs which are horizontal instead of vertical. Being horizontal, the ribs intersect the vertical ribs of an opposing die, instread of meshing with them as the ribs of the die normally employed do. The pattern of point seals formed where the ribs intersect forms a good gastight seal but reduces the force required to break the seal, thereby permitting the package to be opened more easily.

Abstract: 2,6-dialkyl-4-hydroxysulfenyl chlorides are prepared by reacting sulfur chloride with an equimolar amount of a 3,5-dialkyl phenol. The sulfenyl chlorides are novel compounds useful as intermediates in the preparation of other compounds. For example, they can be reduced to form 3,5-dialkyl-4-mercapto phenols, or they can be reacted with phenols to form diaryl sulfides.

Abstract: A process of manufacturing fibers by forming a mixture of a solvent, a polymer and water and flashing the mixture through a nozzle. Water is present as a discontinuous phase in the mixture. The polymer may be any polymer capable of forming fiber, preferably a crystalline or a partially crystalline polymer. The preferred polymers are crystalline or partially crystalline polyolefins, preferably polyethylene or polypropylene. The discrete fibers thus formed can be easily refined and used for making paper webs.

Abstract: When 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone is sulfonated to form 3,3'-sulfonylbis(6-hydroxybenzene sulfonic acid), the product can be recovered from the reaction mixture by adding methanol or ethanol and a base to the reaction mixture to selectively precipitate only the disalt of the product. Particularly good results are obtained using sulfolane as a solvent in the sulfonation reaction. The product is useful as a flame retardant additive in polymers and other materials, and is also useful as an additive in boiler water to remove or prevent formation of scale.

Abstract: Tubular multilaminate film having four or more layers can be made byA. combining two or more streams of dissimilar resins to form a first stream of parallel layers of the resins and feeding the stream into a first annular space wherein the stream divides into two substreams which flow laterally in opposite directions about the axis of the space and then join to form a first annular stream in which the layers are coaxial,B. combining two or more other streams of resins to form a second stream of parallel resin layers and feeding the stream into a second annular space which is concentric with the first annular space and wherein the second stream divides into two substreams which flow laterally in opposite directions about the axis of the space and then join to form a second annular stream in which the layers are coaxial, andC. combining the first and second annular streams to form a composite annular stream, andD.

Abstract: Discrete cellulose acetate fibers are produced by flashing an emulsion of cellulose acetate, water, and a solvent which is miscible with the water at the temperature at which the emulsion is flashed. The fibers can be used directly to make paper in accordance with conventional papermaking methods.

Abstract: By coating a paper substrate first with a polyalkyleneimine and then with a polymer containing groups which react chemically with the imino groups of the polyalkyleneimine, a polyolefin can be extruded onto the substrate with good adhesion at temperatures lower than the temperature that would be required to obtain the same degree of adhesion if the polymer containing the reactive groups were not present.

Abstract: Opposed C-shaped cuts can be made in plastic film in a continuous manner by passing the film between a punch roll bearing specially designed punches and a mating roll having wells for receiving the punches. The special design of the punches overcomes the problem of stretching and tearing of the film normally encountered in attempting to make such cuts in plastic film using a rotary punch.