Abstract: Fluorescent lamp incorporates tin oxide conductive coating on the envelope interior surface and the lamp also incorporates phosphor means comprising manganese-activated zinc silicate phosphor, which may be used as a blend constituent. The lamp is processed in such a manner as to improve the performance of the zinc silicate phosphor. In order to improve the adherence of the phosphor to the tin oxide conductive coating, the tin oxide is overcoated with a film of sub-micron-size aluminum oxide and, in accordance with the present processing, there is included with the aluminum oxide finely divided antimony oxide. The phosphor is then overcoated onto the mixed film of aluminum oxide and antimony oxide, and during the later lehring processing of the coated phosphor, the antimony oxide is volatilized to contact the zinc silicate phosphor to improve the performance thereof.

Abstract: High-intensity-discharge lamp of the mercury-metal halide type efficiently illuminates objects with excellent color appearance. The arc tube filling comprises the usual inert, ionizable starting gas and mercury in predetermined amount as required to provide a predetermined operating voltage drop between the lamp electrodes. The metal halide filling substantially comprises a predetermined limited amount of thallous iodide, a predetermined limited amount of stannous iodide and a predetermined limited amount of calcium iodide. The stannous iodide is used in such amount that it serves primarily to enhance the emission of the calcium iodiode and the amount of stannous iodide is sufficiently limited to curtail the generation of the characteristic continuous tin emission. The calcium iodide is present in greater gram amount than the tin iodide so that the effects of the calcium iodide emission are predominant.

Abstract: Method for preparing finely divided high purity alumina doped with a small predetermined percentage of magnesia. In the preparation, there is first formed a mixed clear solution of aluminum alkoxide and a small amount of magnesium in the form of alkoxide or water soluble magnesium salt. There is then included with the clear solution a substantial excess of water over that required to completely hydrolyze the alkoxide and there is added thereto a small amount of selected acid which is effective to peptize the resulting slurry. The formed milky slurry is then allowed to become fully peptized to form a clear sol. The clear sol is converted to a finely divided and dried powder either by forming the sol into a gel, which is then dried, and mechanically reduced to a powder status or by spray drying the sol at elevated temperatures which produces the dried powder. Thereafter, the finely divided and dried powder is calcined at a temperature of from about 700.degree. C. to about 900.degree. C.

Abstract: Composite structure for use as an HID device ballast component and which performs the dual functions of voltage transformation and provision of ballasting reactance which can be cntrollably shifted in value. A multi-leg magnetic structure has a primary winding carried on a first leg thereof and an output winding carried on a second leg thereof. A control winding is carried on a third leg and a gap of predetermined dimensions is provided in the magnetic path which includes the third leg. The magnetic core member and the windings carried thereon display leakage flux paths of predetermined total permeance. A bilateral switch connects to the control winding and is operable to be closed once each half cycle of normal lamp operation. With the control winding closed, the counter mmf generated in the third leg decreases the inductive reactance of the structure by a predetermined amount, with the inductive reactance of the structure essentially established by the permeance of the leakage paths.

Abstract: Energy-conserving incandescent lamp wherein the envelope has provided on the interior surface thereof a very efficient and economically applied heat mirror which is highly transmissive for visible radiations and highly reflective for infrared radiations, thereby to enhance the conversion of electric energy to visible energy. The heat-mirror coating comprises a two layer Ag/TiO.sub.2 or a three layer TiO.sub.2 /Ag/TiO.sub.2 coating of predetermined thickness. The three layer coating is formed by first applying to the envelope interior surface a thin layer of clear aliphatic alcohol solution having contained therein partially hydrolyzed metallic alkoxide which substantially comprises titanium alkoxide, and which solution contains at most only a limited amount of selected mineral acid. The applied clear solution layer is heat treated to convert same to a thin continuous layer substantially comprising titania.

Abstract: High-intensity-discharge lamp is fabricated in a fashion generally similar to a standard high-pressure-mercury lamp which has a red-emitting phosphor coated on the outer envelope. In the present lamp, the discharge-sustaining filling in the arc tube is modified to include a small, predetermined proportion of cadmium which adds radiations of a wavelength of about 490 nm to the composite lamp emission. The resulting composite emission has greatly improved color-rendering properties as compared to a similar lamp which does not incorporate the cadmium addition to the arc tube filling.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for expressing as a number the relative brightness of artificial illumination as it is perceived by the average observer. There is extracted (i.e., detected) from the illumination to be measured, a blue-appearing narrow band, a green-appearing narrow band, a yellow-appearing narrow band and a red-orange-appearing narrow band. From these extracted bands are generated six different signals: a signal expressed as (aB) where (a) is about 0.23 and (B) is the watts of energy in the blue band, a signal expressed as (bG) where (b) is about 0.97 and (G) is the watts of energy in the green band, a signal expressed as (cR) where (c) is about 0.33 and (R) is the watts of energy in the red-orange band, a signal expressed as (dY) where (d) is about 0.19 and (Y) is the watts of energy in the yellow band, a signal expressed as (eG) where (e) is about 0.25 and (G) is the watts of energy in the green band, and a signal expressed as (fR) where (f) is about 0.

Abstract: Unitary ballast structure for starting and operating four fluorescent lamps comprising stacked magnetic iron laminations and coils retained thereon to provide two separate inductor means and a transformer means for heating multiple lamp electrode coils. The magnetic structure comprises a core member having a shell-type configuration with two main legs and six coil legs which define five coil-receiving windows. Coils retained on the second and third coil legs each comprise inductor means and occupy the first, second and third windows. An electrode-coil-heating transformer means is retained on the fifth coil leg and occupies the fourth and fifth windows. Each of the laminations which comprise the magnetic structure can have the same configuration which facilitates manufacture. Magnetic coupling between the different electrical components comprising the ballast structure is minimized, while still providing a compact, unitary ballast.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus which provides for high-voltage pulses for starting a high-pressure sodium discharge lamp and thereafter provides operating ballasting. The apparatus uses a single capacitor in series with a blocking diode and a charging resistor. When the voltage on the capacitor reaches a predetermined voltage exceeding the Zener voltage of a parallel Zener diode, the capacitor discharges through a ballast which is connected in autotransformer relationship therewith to provide the high-voltage pulse to start the lamp.

Abstract: For HID lamps, and particularly high-pressure mercury or sodium-mercury HID lamps, the electron-emissive material portion of the lamp electrodes is Ba.sub.3 CaM.sub.2 O.sub.9 wherein M is niobium, tantalum or any combinations thereof. The specified material is highly emissive, very refractory, and essentially completely non-reactive with respect to moisture.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for press sealing a tubular quartz arc tube body section about a ribbon-type metallic seal. The method includes applying different intensities of heat to the quartz arc tube body section to be pressed in such a manner that four portions of the quartz arc tube body section which are located within diametrically opposed quadrant sections are heated to a higher softened-state temperature than those portions of the heated quartz arc tube body which are positioned intermediate the higher-heated quartz arc tube body portions, with the higher-heated quartz arc tube body portions collapsing somewhat due to the surface tension of the softened quartz. Utilizing this method results in an improved press seal.

Abstract: Fluorescent lamps have a predetermined correlated color temperature and a combined efficiency and good color rendition of illuminated objects. The lamps utilize a two-layer phosphor coating comprising a layer coated onto the envelope interior surface and formed of a very high performance three-component blend which includes a blue-emitting phosphor, a green-emitting manganese-activated zinc silicate phosphor, and a red-orange emitting phosphor, all mixed in predetermined amounts and relative proportions to provide an emission of approximate predetermined x-y coordinates. Under some conditions, the phosphor blend when used as a single layer is subject to depreciation of the light output of the green component, particularly in the vicinity of the lamp electrodes which results in color shifts which are objectionable from an aesthetic standpoint.

Abstract: High-pressure mercury-vapor lamp incorporates a special phosphor mixture on the interior surface of the outer envelope. The phosphor mixture comprises predetermined proportions and predetermined amounts of blue-violet-emitting phosphor, blue-green-emitting phosphor and red-emitting phosphor. When the composite emission of the phosphor mixture is combined with the visible light generated by the high-pressure mercury discharge, both the color rendering index and the light output of the lamp are substantially improved.

Abstract: For rapid and efficient recovery of dissolved molybdenum from spent acid, the spent acid solution is first diluted to a predetermined acid-water volume ratio and anhydrous ammonia added thereto to raise the solution temperature to at least about 90.degree. C. The solution temperature is maintained at less than boiling and the ammonia addition continued until the solution pH is from about 1.5 to about 3.5. The partially neutralized solution is then seeded with solid ammonium molybdate particles in order to hasten the onset of nucleation. The seeded solution is maintained at a temperature of at least about 90.degree. C. but less than the boiling temperature for a period of from about one hour to about four hours in order to precipitate substantially all molybdenum therefrom as ammonium molybdate. Thereafter, the precipitated ammonium molybdate is separated from the residual solution.

Abstract: Special commercially available fluorescent lamps of warm-white correlated color temperature of about 3000.degree. K. have both good coloring index and efficacy. These lamps utilize as the light-emitting component a special three-component phosphor blend having emissions principally confined to the wavelength regions of from 430 nm to 485 nm, from 515 nm to 570 nm, and from 588 nm to 630 nm. This phosphor blend is relatively expensive and to decrease expense, it is known to utilize an undercoat of halophosphate phosphor of the same emission color, which decreases the amount of expensive phosphor required.

Abstract: High frequency electrodeless (HFE) lamp has high-permeability core such as ferrite positioned in energy transferring relationship with respect to the phosphor-coated lamp envelope. The core forms a part of a tuned circuit output for a radio-frequency energizing source and during lamp operation, the resulting electromagnetic fields generated within the lamp envelope create a discharge which in turn generates radiations to excite the phosphor to produce visible light. The core is specially designed to include narrow gap means of low-permeability substance and this gap improves lamp performance by providing the dual function of stabilizing the output frequency of the tuned circuit to compensate for variations in permeability of the core and, in addition, the resulting increased Q of the tuned circuit substantially suppresses harmonics of the resonant frequency which are undesirable in such a lamp.

Abstract: Method for forming conductive, transparent coating such as may be used on the interior surface of a vitreous tubular member. In a carrier gas and exterior to the member to be coated, there is formed a vapor from a material substantially comprising organic tin halide compound having a predetermined condensation temperature and a predetermined decomposition temperature, with the temperature of the carrier gas and the formed vapor maintained between these temperatures. The member to be coated is heated to a temperature greater than the decomposition temperature of the organic tin halide compound and the heated carrier gas and formed vapor are longitudinally flowed through the heated tubular member. Upon contact with the heated tubular member, the vapor breaks down to form the transparent conducting coating. The carrier gas and residual heated vapor are flowed out of the member being coated and are cooled to condense and collect the residual material.

Abstract: Energy-conserving incandescent lamp wherein the envelope has provided on the interior surface thereof a very efficient and economically applied heat mirror which is highly transmissive for visible radiations and highly reflective for infrared radiations, thereby to enhance the conversion of electric energy to visible energy. The heat-mirror coating comprises a two layer Ag/TiO.sub.2 or a three layer TiO.sub.2 /Ag/TiO.sub.2 coating of predetermined thickness. The three layer coating is formed by first applying to the envelope interior surface a thin layer of clear aliphatic alcohol solution having contained therein partially hydrolyzed metallic alkoxide which substantially comprises titanium alkoxide, and which solution contains at most only a limited amount of selected mineral acid. The applied clear solution layer is heat treated to convert same to a thin continuous layer substantially comprising titania.

Abstract: High-temperature-resistant transparent monolithic member or coating on a substrate consisting of aluminum and silicon in an atom ratio of about 2:1 and in reacted oxide form. The member or coating is formed by reacting precursor alkoxides of aluminum and silicon in the presence of water or reacting precursors derived from these alkoxides, gelling the reacted precursors, and drying the gel in the form of a monolithic member or coating. The dried member is then heated to evolve all residual hydrogen and carbon and residual water and to eliminate porosity to form the monolithic member or coating.

Abstract: Method for forming clear vitreous material substantially comprising silica-titania binary which contains up to about 40 mole percent titania without melting the constituents used in forming the material. There is separately prepared a clear organic-solvent-solution of partially hydrolyzed alkoxide of one of the binary members. To this prepared solution is added the other binary member either in the form of alkoxide or a clear organic-solvent solution of partially hydrolyzed alkoxide of the other member. The mixed solutions are reacted and additional water is added as required to complete the hydrolysis of the alkoxide. The resulting product is dried and then heated at a relatively low temperature to evolve residual organic components.