Abstract: Alkyl-substituted bicycloalkyl ether compositions useful in the preparation of synthetic lubricant compositions are obtained by reacting an alkyl-substituted 2-norbornene with a monohydric alcohol in the presence of an acidic catalyst.

Abstract: Propylene glycol monoalkyl ethers are prepared in good yield by reacting acetaldehyde and an alkanol (or by reacting an acetal) with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst comprising a cobalt-containing compound and a cocatalyst comprising a member of the group consisting of rhodium-containing compounds, ruthenium-containing compounds and nickel-containing compounds, and heating the resulting mixture at moderate temperatures and pressures for sufficient time to produce the desired glycol monoalkyl ether, and then recovering the same from the reaction mixture.

Abstract: Ethanol is prepared by contacting methanol, hydrogen and carbon monoxide with a catalyst system comprising a ruthenium compound, a quaternary phosphonium or ammonium base or salt and a cobalt compound such as cobalt iodide.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are recovered from a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation penetrated by an injection well and a production well by displacing hydrocarbons toward the production well using a drive fluid such as water containing dissolved therein:(a) a small amount of a nonionic surfactant of the formula RO(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.m (CH.sub.2 CH(OH)CH.sub.2 O).sub.n H where R is alkyl or alkylaryl, m is an integer of from 1 to about 20 and n is an integer of from 1 to about 8, and(b) a small amount of an anionic sulfonate and/or sulfate surfactant. Optionally the drive fluid may be saturated with natural gas and/or carbon dioxide at the injection pressure. A polymeric thickening agent also may be included in the drive fluid, if desired.

Abstract: Ethanol is prepared by contacting methanol, hydrogen and carbon monoxide with a catalyst system comprising a ruthenium compound, a quaternary phosphonium or ammonium base or salt and a cobalt compound such as cobalt iodide in the presence of a non-polar, substantially inert, oxygenated hydrocarbon solvent.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process of making acetic acid and propionic acid and their esters which comprises contacting a mixture of CO and H.sub.2 with a catalyst system comprising a ruthenium-containing compound and a cobalt halide dispersed in a low melting quaternary phosphonium or ammonium base or salt at a temperature of at least about 150.degree. C. and at a pressure of about 500 psig or greater.

Abstract: Alkyl-substituted bicycloalkyl ether compositions useful in the preparation of synthetic lubricant compositions are obtained by reacting an alkyl-substituted 2-norbornene with a monohydric alcohol in the presence of an acidic catalyst.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process for making acetic and propionic acids and their esters which comprises contacting a mixture of CO and H.sub.2 at a pressure of about 500 psig or greater and at a temperature of at least about 150.degree. C. with a catalyst system comprising a ruthenium-containing compound and a halogen-containing titanium or zirconium salt dispersed in a low melting quaternary phosphonium or ammonium base or salt.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process of making alkanols and particularly methanol which comprises reacting a mixture of CO and H.sub.2 at a pressure of about 500 psig or greater and at a temperature of at least 150.degree. C. in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a ruthenium-containing compound and a rhenium- or manganese-containing compound and a quaternary phosphonium or ammonium base or salt and in the presence of an inert, oxygenated solvent.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the production of ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers by reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with (a) formaldehyde and an alcohol or (b) an acetal in the presence of a catalyst comprising a cobalt-containing compound and a tin or germanium promoter.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the production of ethylene glycol by reaction of formaldehyde with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst comprising a cobalt-containing compound and a tin-or germanium-containing promoter and in the presence of substantially inert, oxygenated hydrocarbon solvent.

Abstract: Propylene glycol monoalkyl ethers and alkoxyacetones are formed by contacting a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and (a) acetaldehyde or (b) an acetal and an alcohol, with a catalyst comprising a cobalt-containing compound and at least one tin- or germanium-containing promoter.

Abstract: A process for preparing ethylene glycol wherein a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is contacted at an elevated temperature and pressure and in the presence of a solvent with a ruthenium compound and a promoter, such as pyrocatechol. In another aspect this invention relates to the preparation of ethylene glycol ethers from carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are recovered from a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation penetrated by an injection well and a production well by displacing hydrocarbons toward the production well using a drive fluid such as water thickened with a copolymer of acrylamide and vinyl sulfonic acid or salts thereof or with a copolymer of acrylamide and styrene sulfonic acid or salts thereof as well as these same copolymers alkoxylated with an alkylene oxide. Optionally, the drive fluid can be saturated with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, natural gas or mixtures of these gases.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are recovered from a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation penetrated by an injection well and a production well by displacing hydrocarbons toward the production well using a drive fluid such as water thickened with a copolymer of acrylamide and vinyl sulfonic acid or salts thereof and saturated with carbon dioxide and/or natural gas at the injection pressure. If desired, the drive fluid may contain a small amount of a sulfated or sulfonated, ethoxylated acrylic acid polymer.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process for making alkanols which comprises contacting a mixture of CO and H.sub.2 at a pressure of 500 psig or greater and at a temperature of at least 150.degree. C. with a catalyst system comprising a ruthenium-containing compound and a halogen-free titanium or zirconium-containing compound dispersed in a low melting quaternary phosphonium or ammonium base or salt.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are recovered from a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation penetrated by an injection well and a production well by displacing hydrocarbons toward the production well using a drive fluid such as water thickened with a copolymer of acrylamide and vinyl sulfonic acid or salts thereof and saturated with carbon dioxide and/or natural gas at the injection pressure. If desired, the drive fluid may contain a small amount of a sulfated or sulfonated, ethoxylated acrylic acid polymer.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the production of higher homologues of aliphatic carboxylic acids by reaction of said acids with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of one or more palladium-containing catalysts in combination with a Group VB tertiary donor ligand and in the presence of an iodide or bromide promoter.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the production of higher homologues of aliphatic carboxylic acids by reaction of said acids with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of one or more nickel-containing catalysts in combination with a Group VB tertiary donor ligand and in the presence of an iodide or bromide promoter.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the production of higher homologues of aliphatic carboxylic acids by reaction of said acids with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of one or more rhodium-containing catalysts and an iodide or bromide promoter.