Abstract: Arrows comprising a shaft having its original orientation through the die in which it was prepared marked or otherwise indicated. Any suitable marking or other indication can be used. The arrows may be pre-grouped and bundled. The shaft may be prepared with any suitable process including extrusion and pultrusion.

Abstract: An improved hydroconversion process for carbonaceous materials wherein a dihydrocarbyl substituted dithiocarbamate of a metal selected from any one of Groups IV-B, V-A, VI-A, VII-B, and VIII-A of the Periodic Table of Elements or a mixture thereof is used as a catalyst precursor. The improved process is effective for both normally solid and normally liquid carbonaceous materials and for carbonaceous materials which are either solid or liquid at the conversion conditions. The hydroconversion will be accomplished at a temperature within the range from about 500.degree. to about 900.degree. F., at a total pressure within the range from about 500 to 7000 psig and at a hydrogen partial pressure within the range from about 400 to about 5000 psig.

Abstract: A catalyst composition prepared by depositing a metal or metal compound onto a preformed carbon support and thereafter converting said metal or metal compounds to an oxide or sulfide having hydrogenation activity. The metal is selected from the group of metals consisting of Groups II-B, IV-B, IV-A, V-A, VI-A, VII-A and VIII-A metals of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The catalyst compositions are useful in hydroconversion and hydrotreating processes.

Abstract: A process for removing arsenic and/or selenium from carbonaceous materials. The arsenic and/or selenium are separated by reaction with a metal oxide and/or metal sulfide which is itself derived from a metal complex, and organometallic compound and/or a metal salt of an organic acid which is soluble in said carbonaceous fluid and which either decomposes to the corresponding metal oxide and/or metal sulfide or which can be converted to the corresponding metal sulfide or metal oxide. The reaction of the metal oxide and/or metal sulfide with the arsenic and/or selenium is accomplished at a temperature within the range from about 300.degree. F. to about 800.degree. F. preferably from about 500.degree. F. to about 750.degree. F., most preferably from about 680.degree. F. to about 750.degree. F. and in either an inert or reducing atmosphere. Preferably, the conversion is accomplished in a reducing atmosphere and in the presence of molecular hydrogen.

Abstract: A process for gasifying a non-gaseous solid material wherein a portion of the gasification is accomplished in the presence of steam and another portion of the gasification is accomplished in the presence of hydrogen and in the substantial absence of carbon dioxide and steam. The gasification will be accomplished at an elevated temperature and pressure.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing dihydrocarbyl substituted dithiocarbamates of molybdenum (VI) wherein an alkali metal ammonium or substituted ammonium salt of a dihydrocarbyl substituted dithiocarbamate is reacted with an alkali metal molybdate in the presence of an organic acid. The process is carried out in an inert atmosphere and within a relatively narrow range of temperatures. The dihydrocarbyl substituted dithiocarbamate of molybdenum (VI) may be recrystallized after preparation to increase its purity. The dihydrocarbyl substituted dithiocarbamate of molybdenum (VI) is produced at a temperature within the range from about -10.degree. C. to about +25.degree. C. at a pH during neutralization within the range from about 5.0 to about 8.0.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing dihydrocarbyl substituted dithiocarbamates of molybdenum wherein an alkali metal hydroxide is reacted with a mixture of a dihydrocarbyl substituted amine and carbon disulfide in an aqueous solution to produce an alkali metal salt of dithiocarbamate and the alkali metal salt then reacted with an alkali metal molybdate in the presence of acid to produce the dihydrocarbyl substituted dithiocarbamate of molybdenum. The process is completed in an inert atmosphere and within a relatively narrow range of temperatures so as to avoid the production of by-products which have heretofore reduced both the yield and purity of the final product. The preparation of the alkali metal salt of dithiocarbamate is completed at a temperature generally within the range from about -5 to about 30.degree. C. The acidification of the alkali metal salt of dithiocarbamate is completed, generally, at a temperature within the range from about -5 to about 5.degree. C.

Abstract: Carbonaceous solids such as coal and oil shale are fed to a high temperature processing vessel without bridging and plugging problems interrupting the flow of the solids into the processing vessel by passing the solids at a controlled rate from a feed vessel into a first conduit communicating with the feed vessel. The solids are then passed through the first conduit into a second conduit which communicates with the first conduit and the processing vessel, and which contains a scraper for scraping the inside walls of the conduit. The pressure in the feed vessel is maintained at a level higher than that in the processing vessel by passing a sufficient amount of a gas into the feed vessel such that the solids are passed through the second conduit into the processing vessel in dense phase pneumatic flow as the scraper scrapes the inside walls of the second conduit thereby preventing any bridging or plugging from occurring.

Abstract: An improved process for retorting a solid carbonaceous material at elevated temperatures wherein a portion of the spent solids withdrawn from the retort is heated to a temperature within the range from about 1600.degree. F. to about 2400.degree. F. and then recycled to the retort as a source of heat at a temperature within the range from about 650.degree. F. to about 1600.degree. F. When the improved process of this invention is operated in this manner, the amount of liquid product obtained is maximized and the amount of gaseous product minimized. Moreover, the integrity of the particles thus recycled is improved and the amount of fines in the liquid product correspondingly reduced.

Abstract: A novel process, and the articles of manufacture, or compositions, formed thereby, wherein a Group II-A metal, or compound thereof, can be ion-exchanged onto coal, and thereafter a Group I metal physically admixed or otherwise incorporated therewith, so that the composition can be pyrolyzed, and gasified, to form a high-BTU, intermediate-BTU or synthesis fuel gas. Suitably, the Group II metal, or alkaline earth metal, can be directly ion-exchanged onto a low rank coal, without necessity of any pretreatment, by contact with a basic solution of a Group II-A metal compound since, of course, low rank coals contain natural ion-exchange sites.

Abstract: An improved process for liquefying solid carbonaceous materials wherein the solid carbonaceous material is slurried with a suitable solvent and then subjected to liquefaction at elevated temperature and pressure to produce a normally gaseous product, a normally liquid product and a normally solid product. The normally liquid product is further separated into a naphtha boiling range product, a solvent boiling range product and a vacuum gas-oil boiling range product. At least a portion of the solvent boiling-range product and the vacuum gas-oil boiling range product are then combined and passed to a hydrotreater where the mixture is hydrotreated at relatively severe hydrotreating conditions and the liquid product from the hydrotreater then passed to a catalytic cracker. In the catalytic cracker, the hydrotreater effluent is converted partially to a naphtha boiling range product and to a solvent boiling range product.

Abstract: An improved hydroconversion process for carbonaceous materials wherein an ammonium or hydrocarbyl substituted ammonium salt of a metal-sulfur analog of cubane having an anion with a core structure of M.sub.4 S.sub.4 is used as a catalyst precursor. In the general formula, M may be the same or a different metal having hydrogenation catalytic activity when used as a sulfide and capable of occupying one or more vertices in a cubane structure. The metal may also have the capability of bridging one or more such structures. The improved process is effective for both normally solid and normally liquid carbonaceous materials and for carbonaceous materials which are either solid or liquid at the conversion conditions. The hydroconversion will be accomplished at a temperature within the range from about 500.degree. to about 900.degree. F., at a total pressure within the range from about 500 to about 7000 psig and at a hydrogen partial pressure within the range from about 400 to about 5000 psig.

Abstract: An improved coking process for normally solid carbonaceous materials wherein the yield of liquid product from the coker is increased by adding ammonia or an ammonia precursor to the coker. The invention is particularly useful in a process wherein coal liquefaction bottoms are coked to produce both a liquid and a gaseous product. Broadly, ammonia or an ammonia precursor is added to the coker ranging from about 1 to about 60 weight percent based on normally solid carbonaceous material and is preferably added in an amount from about 2 to about 15 weight percent.

Abstract: An improved hydroconversion process for carbonaceous materials wherein a monohydrocarbyl substituted dithiocarbamate of a metal selected from Group VIII-A of the Periodic Table of Elements or a mixture thereof is used as a catalyst precursor. The improved process is effective for both normally solid and normally liquid carbonaceous materials and for carbonaceous materials which are either solid or liquid at the conversion conditions. The hydroconversion will be accomplished at a temperature within the range from about 500.degree. to about 900.degree. F., at a total pressure within the range from about 500 to 7000 psig and at a hydrogen partial pressure within the range from about 400 to about 5000 psig.

Abstract: Oil shale, coal, inert heat transfer material and other carbon-containing solids of varying sizes are preheated with a gas in a transfer line by first separating the solids into a plurality of size fractions and then separately introducing the size fractions into the transfer line at predetermined distances from the transfer line inlet. The predetermined distances are inversely related to the size of the particles comprising each fraction of solids so that the fraction of solids containing the largest particles is introduced nearest to the gas inlet and the fraction of solids containing the smallest particles is introduced at a point furthest away from the transfer line inlet. Normally, solids withdrawn from the transfer line will have been heated to a temperature below which any liquids or gases evolve and are ready for further processing in downstream conversion units such as oil shale retorts, coal gasifiers and the like.

Abstract: Oil is recovered from oil-bearing rock composed primarily of carbonates by treating the oil-bearing rock with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal compound selected from the group consisting of alkali metal silicates, alkali metal phosphates, and alkali metal borates at a temperature above about 150.degree. F. and then contacting the treated oil-bearing rock with hot water or a hot aqueous solution for a sufficient amount of time to extract the oil from the oil-bearing rock. Normally, the concentration of the alkali metal in the aqueous solution will be above about 0.5 molar and an organic solvent such as toluene, xylene or cyclohexane will be present in the treatment step. The oil-bearing rock will normally be an oil-bearing limestone containing a high viscosity oil which cannot be recovered using conventional hot water extraction techniques.

Abstract: An improved liquefaction process for solid carbonaceous materials wherein at least a portion of the liquefaction is accomplished in the presence of an added hydrogenation catalyst and a solvent containing at least 1.25 wt % donatable hydrogen and in the presence of partially liquefied, solid carbonaceous material at liquefaction conditions. In a preferred embodiment, the liquefaction is accomplished in a plurality of stages and a solvent containing at least 1.25 wt % donatable hydrogen is used in at least one stage, most preferably in the second stage. The partially liquefied solid carbonaceous material may be taken from the bottoms fraction of the effluent from any of the liquefaction stages.

Abstract: Carbon-containing solids such as oil shale or coal are pyrolyzed or retorted in an apparatus constructed in such a manner that the heat required for pyrolysis is supplied by burning residual organic material in the pyrolyzed solids in an external combustion zone and in an internal combustion zone that is situated with respect to the pyrolysis or retorting zone such that the heat of combustion is transferred through the walls of the internal combustion zone into the pyrolysis or retorting zone. The pyrolyzed solids are passed from the retorting zone to either the external combustion zone or the internal combustion zone wherein a portion of the organic material in the solids is burned. The partially burned solids exiting this zone are then passed to either the external combustion zone or the internal combustion zone where all or a portion of the remaining organic material is burned.

Abstract: An improved control system and method for maintaining the outlet temperature of a process fluid exiting from a process fluid coil located in the convection section of a boiler having a convection section and a radiant section. The improved control system and apparatus comprise means for measuring the inlet temperature and the flow rate of a process fluid to the process fluid coil and means for measuring the temperature of the process fluid at the outlet of the process fluid coil. The improved control method and apparatus also comprise a first means responsive to changes in the inlet temperatures and flow rate to vary the amount of flue gas recirculated from the convection section of the boiler to the radiant section and a second means responsive to changes in the outlet temperature of said process fluid to vary the amount of fuel feed to the combustion section of said boiler.

Abstract: Scale formation during the liquefaction of lower ranking coals and similar carbonaceous materials is significantly reduced and/or prevented by hydrothermal pretreatment. The said pretreatment is believed to convert the scale-forming components to the corresponding carbonate prior to liquefaction. The said pretreatment is accomplished at a total pressure within the range from about 1000 to about 4400 psia. Temperature during said pretreatment will generally be within the range from about 500.degree. to about 700.degree. F.