Abstract: The rate of a biomolecular reaction, such as an enzymatic reaction or an affinity binding reaction, is measured using electrochemiluminescence ("ECL"). The reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell with a mixture of reagents including a luminophore which will relate the concentration of a reactant, a reaction partner or the reaction product of a reaction partner to the ECL intensity. The reaction partner is a reagent which reacts with the reactant and which participates with the luminophore (or its reaction product participates with the luminophore) to cause the emission of ECL. The ECL intensity is modulated with a series of electrical pulses which are applied to the mixture of reagents at a preselected potential and for preselected intervals of time and duration. The ECL intensity is measured at the same intervals to provide a timed series of values (P).

Abstract: Butyl-p-benzoylbenzoates are prepared by reacting a 4-(trichloromethyl) benzophenone with a butanol in the presence of an acid catalyst. These butyl-p-benzoylbenzoates are valuable photoinitiators for the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.

Abstract: The discoloration of low density polyurethane foams produced with certain flame retardants is reduced by incorporating certain amine antioxidants into the foam. The amine antioxidants can be employed by admixing with the flame retardant from about 0.25 to about 5.0 percent of the amine antioxidant by weight of the flame retardant.

Abstract: Compositions containing certain polymeric alkoxysilanes and zinc dust.The polymeric alkoxysilanes comprise a polymer network having the average formula: ##STR1## WHEREIN EACH R is an independently selected hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon ether radical, each R.sup.1 is an independently selected hydrocarbon radical, and all of said radicals are free of aliphatic unsaturation: a has a value from 1 to 3; and b has a value from 0.0001 to 1.0. These polymers are made by reacting an alkoxysilane of the formula ##STR2## WITH WATER AND WITH AN ORGANOSULFONIC ACID OF THE FORMULA R.sub.1 SO.sub.3 H. The compositions are useful for the protection of ferrous surfaces.

Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of diaryl methylphosphonates through the reaction of triaryl phosphites with methanol in the presence of a catalytic quantity of methyl iodide. The reaction is conducted at a temperature of from about 170.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C. New and useful derivatives are produced by reaction of the diaryl methylphosphonates with polyols or amines.

Abstract: A stabilized photopolymerizable composition comprising photopolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomeric compounds, a photoinitiator and at least one epoxide compound as a stabilizer.

Abstract: A method of evaluating the probability of scorch in flame retarded flexible polyurethane foam without preparing a large quantity of foam is described. A microwave oven is utilized to heat a foam sample pursuant to the invention. The method is useful to predict the probability that flame retarded foam will scorch on curing and therefore can be used to avoid damage to large commercial quantities of foam. The method can also be used to screen flame retardants for polyurethane foams.

Abstract: A polycondensation catalyst consisting essentially of the reaction product of an unsaturated .alpha.,.beta.-dicarboxylic acid anhydride and an antimony alkoxide.

Abstract: Alkyl- or arylphosphonothioic dihalides are prepared by contacting a dialkyl or diaryl thioether with various phosphorus containing reactants including: PCl.sub.3, PBr.sub.3, P(S)Cl.sub.3, P(S)Br.sub.3, P.sub.4 S.sub.3, P.sub.4 S.sub.5, P.sub.4 S.sub.7, P.sub.4 S.sub.1 O and elemental phosphorus under at least autogenous pressure at a temperature of from about 200.degree. C. to about 400.degree. C. The compounds obtained are useful as constituents in insecticides, fungicides, pharmaceuticals, and as intermediates in preparation of other organophosphorus compounds.

Abstract: The color qualities of low density polyurethane foams produced with certain flame retardants is improved by reducing scorch through incorporation of a mixture of diphenyl p-phenylenediamine and the reaction product of diphenylamine and acetone into the foam. The mixture can be employed by admixing with the flame retardant from about 0.5 to about 5.0 percent of said mixture by weight of the flame retardant. The weight ratio of diphenyl p-phenylenediamine to the reaction product of diphenylamine and acetone is from about 1:20 to about 20:1.

Abstract: A sulfuric acid catalyst is made by wetting a silica carrier having an alumina content between about 2.5 and about 5.0 percent by weight with an aqueous solution of potassium vanadate and a potassium salt of an acid having a pK.sub.a between about 3 and about 7, drying the wet carrier and then sulfating the carrier.

Abstract: Mono-alkyl acid phosphates having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is straight or branched alkyl having from 1 to about 25 carbon atoms, are prepared by reacting alcohol with P.sub.2 O.sub.5. The process involves suspension of P.sub.2 O.sub.5 in a heel of product comprised of a mixture of mono-alkyl acid phosphate, di-alkyl acid phosphate and free H.sub.3 PO.sub.4. Alcohol is added to the heel last, followed by mixing, and then addition of water. A mixture of mono- and dialkyl acid phosphate is obtained with a mono-content of over about 70 percent by weight.

Abstract: A photopolymerizable composition comprising photopolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated compounds and, as the photoinitiator, a glyoxylamide having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R and R.sup.1 are individually selected hydrogen or hydrocarbon of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R.sup.2 is a heterocyclic radical, aryl of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms or mono-, di- or polysubstituted phenyl with substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio and halogen; R.sup.3 is phenyl or--CH.sub.2).sub.zWhere z is an integer from 2 to 6;X is zero, oxygen, sulfur, --NH--, phosphorus or silicon; and n is an integer from 2 to 4. The composition cures upon exposure to actinic radiation.

Abstract: Mono-alkyl acid phosphates having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is straight or branched alkyl having from 1 to about 25 carbon atoms, are prepared by reacting alcohol with P.sub.2 O.sub.5 in the presence of tetrasodium pyrophosphate and hydrogen peroxide. The process involves initially adding P.sub.2 O.sub.5 to a mixture of alcohol and tetrasodium pyrophosphate followed by continuous or sequential addition of water and hydrogen peroxide, P.sub.2 O.sub.5 (in stoichiometic excess) and then alcohol. Additional hydrogen peroxide is added at the end of the reaction. A mixture of mono- and di-alkyl acid phsophate is obtained with a mono-content of over about 70 percent by weight.

Abstract: Polyalkylene glycol alkyl or haloalkyl polyphosphonates having the idealized formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a polyalkylene glycol residue, R' is alkyl or haloalkyl and n is 1-100, are prepared by transesterifying a tertiary phosphite with a polyalkylene glycol and rearranging the resultant polyalkylene glycol alkyl or haloalkyl polyphosphite to a polyalkylene glycol alkyl or haloalkyl phosphonate by the action of heat and an Arbuzov rearrangement catalyst.

Abstract: A method of plating a metallic substrate by coating said substrate with a specific metallic system; plating at least one metal onto the coating; and heating the coated and plated metallic substrate to a temperature that effects a bonding of said metallic substrate to said coating and the plated metal. The method is utilized to plate metals onto metal substrates; including substrates such as aluminum and zinc.

Abstract: N-Alkylated aminoalkylphosphonates having the structural formula: ##STR1## where R.sup.1,R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are straight or branched lower alkyl having one to five carbon atoms; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are selected from the group consisting of straight or branched lower alkyl having one to five carbon atoms and hydrogen and n is the integer 1 or 2, are prepared with acid numbers from about 5 to about 15 by contacting an amine and a phosphite and then adding this to an aqueous solution of an aldehyde or ketone. The reaction temperature is kept below about 70.degree. C. and water is removed under reduced pressure.

Abstract: A method of metallizing materials by coating a substrate material with a hydrophilic composite material; chemically plating said hydrophilic composite material with a metal to render the surface conductive; followed by electroplating a metal onto the conductive surface. The method can be, for example, utilized to produce metallized foams, embossing plates for reproduction of grains and textures, and decorative coatings for substrate materials.

Abstract: Dialkyl or diaryl phosphonothioic halides are prepared by contacting an alkyl or aryl halide, respectively, with phosphorus sesquisulfide, P.sub.4 S.sub.3, under at least autogenous pressure at a temperature of from about 200.degree. to about 400.degree. C. The compounds obtained are useful as pesticides and as intermediates in preparation of pesticides and other organo-phosphorus compounds.

Abstract: A catalyst system comprised of copper sulfate and hydrogen peroxide is utilized to cure unsaturated flame retardants on textiles. The resultant flame retarded textiles have unusually good hand (softness); even with high add-on (weight percent of chemicals applied to a textile) of the flame retardants. Conventional techniques and equipment can be used with the system of the present invention.