Abstract: A fluorine-containing copolymer comprising (a) polymer units based on a fluoroolefin, (b) polymer units based on a cyclic monomer having, on its ring, an unsaturated group copolymerizable with the fluoroolefin, (c) polymer units based on an ethylenically unsaturated compound having a curable moiety but having neither an ester bond nor an ether bond, and optionally (d) polymer units based on at least one olefin selected from ethylene, propylene and isobutylene, or polymer units based on a vinyl ether having an aliphatic ring, in such proportions that, based on the total amount of polymer units (a), (b), (c) and (d), polymer units (a) are from 35 to 65 mol %, polymer units (b) are from 5 to 45 mol %, polymer units (c) are from 1 to 30 mol % and polymer units (d) are from 0 to 40 mol %, which has a number average molecular weight within a range of from 2,000 to 100,000, as calculated as polystyrene by gel permeation chromatograph, and which has rings based on said cyclic monomer, on the main chain of the copolym

Abstract: An electric double layer capacitor is provided that includes a positive electrode having a currect collector combined with a polarizable electrode material composed mainly of activated carbon, a negative electrode having a current collector of porous metal incapable of forming an alloy with lithium, combined with a carbonaceous material having lithium ions occluded by a chemical method or an electrochemical method to a carbon material capable of occluding and releasing a lithium ions, and a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt. The negative electrode is supported on a current collector of porous metal having a thickness of 0.1 to 1 mm and a porosity of 5 to 80%.

Abstract: A driving method for a direct addressing type liquid crystal display device for displaying gradation by changing the amplitude of voltages applied to pixels, wherein a series of voltage pulses, as signal voltages, composed of a plurality of different voltage levels are applied in order to display a specified gradation, and for a display, a plurality kinds of gradation in which a part of the voltage levels is commonly used are selected.

Abstract: A reflection type color liquid crystal display apparatus comprising a polarizing plate 1 having an absorbing axis 18, a birefringent plate 3, a liquid crystal layer 6 and a reflection layer 8 wherein the absorbing axis 18, a first orientation 14, a second orientation 15, a first optical anisotropic axis 16 and a second anisotropic axis 17 are set so as to form predetermined crossing angles .theta..sub.1, .theta..sub.2, .theta..sub.3, .theta..sub.4, and selected voltage values of at least three values are applied to the liquid crystal layer 6 from a multiplex driving circuit 10.Without using a color filter, a very bright chromatic color (white or black) is displayed at the time of an OFF waveform even in multiplex driving, and development of colors of very bright red, blue and green can be obtained with a selection voltage or an intermediate voltage between the selection voltage and a non-selection voltage.

Abstract: A method for holding an edge of a molten glass flow, comprising forming a molten glass flow by continuously feeding molten glass on a bath surface of molten metal contained in a vessel, holding an edge of the molten glass flow in a width direction thereof when advancing the molten glass flow to draw the molten glass flow in a glass ribbon having a target thickness, and controlling a flow of the molten metal so that a bath surface level in height of the molten metal in the vicinity of the edge of the molten glass flow is different from that of the molten metal in the vicinity of a central portion of the molten glass flow in the width direction thereof, whereby a force to spread or narrow the molten glass flow in the width direction is compensated so as to hold the edge of the molten glass flow at a predetermined position.

Abstract: A substrate for a plasma display panel, having electrodes and a covering material for the electrodes, provided thereon, wherein the covering material is a non-crystallizable glass having a softening point of at most 510.degree. C. and an average thermal expansion coefficient of from 70.times.10.sup.-7 to 85.times.10.sup.-7 /.degree.C. within a range of from 50 to 350.degree. C.

Abstract: A heterogeneous ion exchange membrane comprising an ion exchange resin and a binder polymer, wherein the binder polymer is a polymer containing at least a mixture comprising low density polyethylene and ethylene-propylene rubber or ethylene-propylene-diene rubber.

Abstract: A pane formed of a substrate and a film of polymeric material. The film of polymeric material has a thickness that varies in at least one predetermined zone of the pane, with the result that the external faces of the pane are not parallel to each other in this zone. The pane is useful in an eye-level display system for the purpose of eliminating a double reflection image.

Abstract: A method for producing deionized water by self-regenerating type electrodialysis deionization, which comprises (i) using a deionized water-producing apparatus containing an electrodialyzer comprising cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes alternately arranged between an anode compartment provided with an anode and a cathode compartment provided with a cathode, demineralizing compartments compartmentalized with anion exchange membranes on the anode side and compartmentalized with cation exchange membranes on the cathode side, and concentrating compartments compartmentalized with cation exchange membranes on the anode side and compartmentalized with anion exchange membranes on the cathode side, the electrodialyzer having ion exchangers accommodated in the demineralizing compartments, and (ii) applying a voltage while supplying water to be treated to the demineralizing compartments to remove impurity ions in the water to be treated, wherein at least a part of the untreated water or already treate

Abstract: A method for forming an oxide film on a substrate by a sputtering process using a target comprising a metal as the main component, wherein sputtering is carried out in an atmosphere which contains a gas containing carbon atoms.

Abstract: A highly corrosion-resistant silicon carbide product consisting of a sintered body having a content of .alpha.-form silicon carbide of at least 90 wt %, wherein the content of iron is at most 1 ppm, the content of aluminum is at most 5 ppm, and the content of calcium is at most 3 ppm.

Abstract: A light absorptive antireflector comprising a substrate, a light absorbing film formed on the substrate and a silica film formed on the light absorbing film, to reduce reflection of incident light from the silica film side, wherein the geometrical film thickness of the light absorbing film is from 5 to 25 nm, and the geometrical film thickness of the silica film is from 70 to 110 nm.

Abstract: A spray device which is provided with a nozzle for spraying a lubricant is arranged in proximity to a bottom mold and/or a plunger, and the nozzle is operated and controlled by a control device to spray the lubricant on a mold surface of the bottom mold and/or the plunger.

Abstract: A functional product comprising at least one layer of a thin film having a function formed above a substrate; and at least one layer of an oxide film whose major component is an oxide containing tin and silicon, formed above the substrate.

Abstract: An alumina sol having colloidal particles of alumina hydrate dispersed in an aqueous solvent, said sol containing a compound which has a sulfonic acid group in its molecule and which, when made into a 1 wt % aqueous solution, has a pH of at most 4.

Abstract: A production method which comprises reacting one or more feedstock compounds to form a desired compound having a boiling point higher than the feedstock compounds, wherein the reaction is carried out under reflux in a distillation column portion of a reactor provided with the distillation column.

Abstract: A glass bulb for a cathode ray tube in which a compressive stress is formed in a surface of a panel portion by physically strengthening; the maximum wall thickness t.sub.F of a face portion 7 on at least one axis of a long axis and a short axis of the face portion and the maximum wall thickness t.sub.R of a blend R portion satisfy 1.0.ltoreq.t.sub.R /t.sub.F .ltoreq.1.4; and the absolute value of a compressive stress value by physically strengthening in an area where a tensile vacuum stress is distributed after the assembling of the cathode ray tube is 7-30 MPa, whereby there is a small possibility of implosion of the glass bulb even when the wall thickness of the panel portion is made thin in comparison with a conventional glass bulb.

Abstract: A method of making a perforated silicon carbide product in a shorter time and with less labor work to achieve a lower cost and high yield. Openings 13a, 13b are previously formed in a mold 11, and inserts 14 are inserted into the openings to project toward the inside of the mold. A slurry 15 composed of a mixture of a silicon carbide powder, an organic binder and water is put in the mold to conduct a slip casting molding method whereby a molded green product with perforation 16 is obtained.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device of the present invention comprises a liquid crystal layer of a nematic liquid crystal having positive dielectric anisotropy and including a chiral material, the liquid crystal layer being interposed between a pair of substrates with transparent electrodes each having an aligning layer which are arranged substantially in parallel to provide a twist angle of 160-300.degree., a driving means to apply a voltage across the electrodes attached to the substrates which interpose the liquid crystal layer, a pair of polarizing plates arranged outside the liquid crystal layer, and at least one birefringent plate provided between the liquid crystal layer and the polarizing plate at at least one side of the liquid crystal layer, wherein the product .DELTA.n.sub.1 .multidot.d, of the anisotropy of refractive index .DELTA.n, of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer and the thickness d, of the liquid crystal layer is in a range of 0.4-1.5 .mu.

Abstract: A secretion signal gene having a base sequence encoding a polypeptide functional as a secretion signal in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (hereinafter referred to as S. pombe), an expression vector having the gene and a foreign protein structural gene, a multicloning vector for construction of the expression vector which has the secretion signal gene, and efficient secretory production of the foreign protein structural gene product by S. pombe and the like.