Abstract: Optically active compounds of the formula I ##STR1## where R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl or -perfluoroalkyl in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 or CF.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by --O-- and/or --CO-- and/or --CO--O-- and/or --CH.dbd.CH-- and/or --CH-halogen- and/or --CHCN-- and/or --O--CO--CH-halogen- and/or --O--CO--CHCN--, or is C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl which can have a terminal chemically reactive group and in which a CH.sub.2 group can be replaced by --O--,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are each, independently of one another, 1,4-phenylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or two F and/or Cl and/or Br atoms and/or CH.sub.3 groups and/or CN groups and in which one or two CH groups can also be replaced by N, 1,4-cyclohexylene in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by --O-- and/or --S--, 1,4-piperidinediyl, 1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2]octylene, 2,6-naphthalenediyl, decahydro-2,6-naphthalenediyl or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,6-naphthalenediyl,A.sup.

Abstract: There is now provided a closed cell rigid polyisocyanate based foam blowing with a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 hydrofluorocarbon and water as blowing agents, which possesses a uniform density gradient varying by not more than 10 percent. There is also now provided a froth foaming mixture having good flow by employing a hydroxy terminated polyol which is pH neutral and a tertiary amine ether blow catalyst in an amount of 0.5 weight percent or more, using water and a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 hydrofluorocarbon having a boiling point of 300.degree. K. or less as co-blowing agents.There is also provided a polyol composition having an average OH number of less than 400 and an average functionality of greater than 4, which when reacted with the isocyanate in the presence of a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 hydrofluorocarbon, yields a rigid closed cell polyisocyanate based dimensionally stable foam.

Abstract: Phosphate-containing, glycol-based coolant mixtures which are stable in hard water and are free of nitrites, silicates, amines and borates containa) 0.5-3% by weight of ammonium and/or alkali metal phosphateb) 2-5.5% by weight of ammonium or alkali metal benzoatec) 0.2-1.5% by weight of ammonium or alkali metal molybdated) 0.2-0.8% by weight of ammonium or alkali metal nitratee) 0.05-0.4% by weight of benzotriazolef) 0.05-0.4% by weight of tolyltriazoleg) 0.005-0.35% by weight of a water-soluble magnesium compoundh) 0.02-0.5% by weight of an oligomeric or polymeric carboxylic acid with a molecular weight of 1,000-100,000,i) 0.05-5% by weight of water and the amount of glycol necessary to make up to 100% by weight.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a supported catalyst for the polymerization of .alpha.-olefins, in which(1) a silicon dioxide-containing support gel is prepared by(1.1) introducing a sodium water glass or potassium water glass solution into a swirling stream of an aqueous mineral acid longitudinally and tangentially to the stream, spraying the resultant silica hydrosol in drop form into a gaseous medium and allowing it to solidify to form a hydrogel, and freeing the resultant hydrogel from salts by washing without prior ageing,(1.2) drying the hydrogel resulting from (1.1) to form the support gel,(2) the support gel (1) is charged with chromium trioxide or a chromium compound which can be converted into chromium trioxide under the conditions of process step (3), giving a chromium-containing support gel, and(3) the chromium-containing support gel (2) is heated at from 400.degree. to 1100.degree. C.

Abstract: Novel thrombin-inhibitory proteins from terrestrial leeches of the genus Haemadipsa with the amino-acid sequence Ile-Arg-Phe-Gly-Met-Gly-Lys-Val-Pro-Cys-Pro-Asp-Gly-Glu-Val-Gly-Tyr-Thr-Cy s-Asp-Cys-Gly-Glu-Lys-Ile-Cys-Leu-Tyr-Gly-Gln-Ser-Cys-Asn-Asp-Gly-Gln-Cys-S er-Gly-Asp-Pro-Lys-Pro-Ser-Ser-Glu-Phe-Glu-Glu-Phe-Glu-Ile-Asp-Glu-Glu-Glu- Lys, or an amino-acid sequence which is obtained by C-terminal truncation of this sequence by from one to twelve amino acids, are described. The proteins are suitable for controlling diseases. Also described are the nucleic acids coding for these proteins.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is H or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl,R.sup.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl and R.sup.3 is an ether, silyl ether or acetal protective group which can be converted into a hydroxyl group by hydrolysis, in particular one of the radicals ##STR2## and a process for preparing these compounds by reacting an alkenyne of the formula II ##STR3## in an inert solvent in the presence of lithium amide with a cyclohexenone of the formula III ##STR4## and the use of the compounds of the formula I for preparing astaxanthin, are described.

Abstract: Caprolactam is obtained from mixtures which contain polymers or thermoplastic molding materials having the repeating unit--N(H)--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C(O)--(a) by cleavage at elevated temperatures in the presence of a base under reduced pressure or (b) in the presence of water, by using a mixture essentially comprisingfrom 50 to 99.9% by weight of a polymer or of a thermoplastic molding material having the repeating unit--N(H)--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C(O)--from 0.1 to 50% by weight of additives selected from the group consisting of inorganic fillers, organic and inorganic pigments and dyes,from 0 to 10% by weight of organic and/or inorganic additives,from 0 to 40% by weight of non-polyamide-containing polymers andfrom 0 to 20% by weight of polyamides, with the exception of polycaprolactam and copolyamides prepared from caprolactam,and carrying out the cleavage in the presence of a base under reduced pressure, the water content of the mixture used being not more than 0.

Abstract: Molding materials are composed ofA) from 5 to 95% by weight of polyaryl ethers,B) from 5 to 95% by weight of a mixture (B) ofB.sub.I) from 75 to 97% by weight of partly aromatic polyamides andB.sub.II) from 3 to 25% by weight of a rubber impact modifierand furthermoreC) from 0 to 40% by weight of additives and/or processing assistants.

Abstract: A process for the oxidation of ammonium ions and organic carbon in wastewaters containing ammonium ions and organic carbon by means of nitric acid at from 100.degree. to 350.degree. C., wherein the molar ratio between organic carbon and ammonium nitrogen is adjusted to a value in the range from 0.3:1 to 4:1 by addition of organic carbon or ammonium nitrogen.

Abstract: Process for the production of foam boards having a minimum thickness of 20 mm and a cross-sectional area of at least 50 cm.sup.2 by extruding a mixture of the styrene polymer, from 1 to 10% by weight, based on the styrene polymer, of a blowing agent, wherein the blowing agent contains at least one ether from the group consisting of dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether and methyl vinyl ether.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of alkoxycarboxylic acid esters of the general formula I ##STR1## in which Y denotes CR.sup.4 R.sup.5 or CR.sup.4 R.sup.5 -CR.sup.6 R.sup.7,R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 denote C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, aryl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.20 aralkyl, and C.sub.7 -C.sub.20 alkylaryl andR.sup.2, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 can additionally denote hydrogen, and n is 0 or 1,by the reaction of hydroxycarboxylic acid esters of the general formula II ##STR2## in which R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.8, Y, and n have the aforementioned meanings, with alcohols of the general formula IIIR.sub.1 --OH (III),in which R.sup.1 has the aforementioned meanings, in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts at temperatures ranging from 100.degree. to 400.degree. C. and pressures ranging from 0.01 to 150 bar, wherein the heterogeneous catalysts used are zeolites and/or hydrothermally prepared phosphates.

Abstract: Reduction of the wall coating in reaction containers in the suspension polymerization of monomers containing acrylate and/or methacrylate groups and use of a buffer and of a dispersant for reducing the wall coating in reaction containers in the suspension polymerization of monomers containing acrylate and/or methacrylate groups.

Abstract: The present invention relates to using lithium salts of an organic material having 2 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one carboxylic acid in a rigid polyurethane formulation to produce foams having energy absorbing properties.

Abstract: The invention relates to polyetheresterols obtained by condensation of a polyfunctional carboxylic acid with an alcohol component, wherein the alcohol component comprises a mixture of alkanediols and etherdiols of the formula ##STR1## where m=1 to 3n.gtoreq.3 andR.sup.I, R.sup.II, R.sup.III and R.sup.IV are identical or different and, independently of one another, are hydrogen or C.sub.1 - to C.sub.4 -alkyl,and the ratio between ether and ester groups in the polyetheresterol is in the range from 0.3:1 to 1.5:1, which are suitable, in particular, for the preparation of polyurethanes having reduced fogging.

Abstract: A process for the continusous preparation of Beta-carotene together with an emulsifier by briefly heating Beta-carotene together with an emulsifier to give a homogeneous solution, rapidly cooling the latter to below 100.degree. C. by adding water, and subsequently adjusting to the required final concentration of Beta-carotene, comprises pumping a suspension, which has been preheated from 20.degree. to 80.degree. C., of 1 to 40% by weight of Beta-carotene in an emulsifier through a heating coil located in a heat transfer oil, where the solubilization mixture is at from 120.degree. to 180.degree. C. and the residence time is from 10 to 300 seconds, and subjecting the homogenous solution to turbulent mixing in a mixing chamber with an amount of water at from 10.degree. to 80.degree. C. to result in a solubilizate which contains from 0.5 to 6% by weight of Beta-carotene and is, if necessary, diluted to the required final concentration.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a .alpha.,.omega.-dicarboxylic acid diester of the general formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 denotes hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 alkynyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 alkoxy and/or cyano andn is an integer from 1 to 12,wherein cycloalkanones of the general formula II ##STR2## in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and n have the aforementioned meanings, are caused to react with dimethylcarbonate in the presence of a nitrogenous base of the general formula III ##STR3## in which R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 denote hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl or C.sub.7 -C.sub.20 aralkyl or R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 together form a C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 alkylene chain optionally mono- to penta-substituted by R.sup.1,at temperatures ranging from 50.degree. to 300.degree. C.

Abstract: Low density ethylene copolymers are obtainable by adding an aromatic hydrocarbon solution of a catalyst system, containing, as active components, metallocene complexes of metals of subgroups IV and V of the Periodic Table and oligomeric alumina compounds, to a mixture containing ethylene, comonomers and aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of lactates by fermentation of mixtures containing sugars, conversion of the lactic acid obtained during fermentation to its salts, followed by esterification, in whicha) there is added to the fermentation liquor an alkaline earth metal carbonate or bicarbonate so as to neutralize the resultant lactic acid to a degree of at least 90 mol %,b) the resulting fermentation liquor is adjusted to pH 7 to 13 by the addition of NH.sub.3 and CO.sub.2 and the resultant precipitates are separated, andc) the resulting, purified ammonium lactate solution is esterified with an alcohol.

Abstract: A process for preparing 5-membered ring heterocycles of the general formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is methyl or hydroxyethyl,R.sup.2,R.sup.3,R.sup.4,R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are hydrogen, C.sub.1 - to C.sub.12 -alkyl, C.sub.2 - to C.sub.12 -alkenyl, aryl, C.sub.3 - to C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl, C.sub.1 - to C.sub.12 -alkoxy, halogen, C.sub.2 - to C.sub.20 -alkoxycarbonylalkyl, C.sub.2 - to C.sub.20 -alkylcarbonyloxy, formyl, C.sub.2 - to C.sub.20 -formylalkyl, benzoyl or --CH(OR.sup.3)(OR.sup.5), or R.sup.3 and R.sup.5 together are a C.sub.2 - to C.sub.7 -alkylene chain which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted to pentasubstituted by R.sup.4 or a .dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd. unit which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted to tetrasubstituted by R.sup.4,X is oxygen or N--R.sup.4by reacting 5-membered ring heterocycles of the general formula II ##STR2## where R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and X have the abovementioned meanings and Y is hydrogen, acetyl or C.sub.2 - to C.sub.

Abstract: A process for controlling pests in which the pests or the plants threatened by attack with pests are treated with a 2-anilinopyridine of the formula I ##STR1## where the substituents have the following meanings: R.sup.1 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, substituted alkyl, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, halogen, CN, SCN, formyl, CH.dbd.NOR.sub.5, CH.dbd.NR.sub.6, CH.sub.2 NHR.sub.6R.sup.5 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, COR.sup.7 or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,R.sup.6 is hydrogen, alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,R.sup.2 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl or cycloalkylR.sup.3 is hydrogen CN, S(O).sub.n R.sup.8 or COR.sup.9,R.sup.8 is alkyl or substituted phenyl,R.sup.9 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl or benzyl,R.sup.