Abstract: The invention relates to an electric circuit arrangement and a method for coupling an insulation monitoring device to an ungrounded power supply system via a coupling impedance, which is realized to be operant for each active conductor of the power supply system and which is formed as an ohmic resistance circuit, the ohmic resistance circuit having a settable resistance value which is changeable and a switching-off function for decoupling the insulation monitoring device from the network and being realized as a bidirectional cascade comprising a series circuit of two transistors provided in a mirror-inverted manner, each having a diode connected in parallel, a controlled change in resistance of the transistors for setting the changeable resistance value being effected by a control circuit and the switching-off function for decoupling from the grid being realized by setting a maximum resistance value.

Abstract: The invention relates to a magnetic field measuring device and a method for detecting a localization current in a branched AC power supply system. Furthermore, the invention relates to a use of the magnetic field measuring device according to the invention as a device for detecting a test current for an insulation fault localization system. By combining two current sensors having a different magnetic field measuring sensitivity and a different magnetic field measuring range, it can be achieved that a reliable detection of localization currents in insulation fault localization systems is possible by means of a constructionally easy and cost-effective realization, in particular as retrofitting in existing systems.

Abstract: A method and a test apparatus for determining the elements of a dielectric equivalent circuit diagram for an insulation of an electric system and to an insulation monitoring device. All data points of the system's step response are stored for a measuring period Tm, and fault resistance Rf and an initial value Ce0 of leakage capacitance Ce are calculated. After this determination of fault resistance Rf and initial value Ce0, the elements of absorption element Ra and Ca and leakage capacitance Ce are determined by numeric signal processing by using an approximation algorithm which continuously simulates the recorded step response. For simulating the step response, a transfer function G(s) modelled by the equivalent circuit diagram having equivalent circuit diagram elements Rf, Ce, Ra, Ca and measurement resistance Rm is formed analytically and the output signal is calculated, which is described using transfer function G(s), by means of the step function.

Abstract: An electric circuit device and method is for recognizing a closed switch contact as well as a protective ground conductor interruption in a one- or multiphase electric supply line. A control of a residual current monitoring device (RCMB control) includes one fault current control unit for generating a control signal pattern including a series of switching-on impulses forwarded to a first electronic switch unit to activate a possible artificial passive fault current on one or more active conductors and the protective ground conductor (as a return conductor), this fault current actually flowing, being recognized, and evaluated in a closed circuit in a closed switch contact to be tested and an intact protective conductor. Owing to control signal patterns varying during monitoring, a reliable detection of the artificial passive fault current is ensured even in large dynamic disturbance levels while the electric installation (supply line) to be monitored is in operation.

Abstract: A combined monitoring device for insulation-resistance monitoring and protective-conductor-resistance monitoring in a power supply system includes a grounded power supply system and an ungrounded power supply system, the combined monitoring device having a coupling circuit for being coupled to one or several active conductors of the grounded power supply system via coupling points, the combined monitoring device including an active monitoring device with a first operating mode for monitoring an insulation resistance in an ungrounded network state of the power supply system and a second operating mode for monitoring a protective-conductor resistance in a grounded network state of the power supply system, the combined monitoring device having an evaluation unit switchable between the first and second operating modes as a function of the ungrounded or grounded network state and configured for testing the insulation resistance in the first operating mode and the protective-conductor resistance in the second opera

Abstract: A method and a monitoring device for selectively determining a partial system leakage capacitance in an ungrounded power supply system having a main system and at least one partial system. An extended insulation monitoring system is configured for determining an overall system leakage capacitance of the power supply system; an extended insulation fault location system for determining an ohmic and a capacitive partial test-current portion of a partial test current captured in the respective partial system; and an impedance evaluation system for determining a partial insulation resistance and a partial system leakage capacitance for each partial system to be monitored are provided. For preventing the entire ungrounded power supply system from being switched off, the fundamental idea of the present invention is advantageously based on identifying in which partial system a critical increase of a partial system leakage capacitance has taken place.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for managing the energy demand of a charging station for an electric vehicle having an energy storage device, a charging power being supplied and controlled conductively via a charging connection line with the aim of providing a largest possible (current) control potential in order to attain grid stability for the power supply system. An anticipated parking duration and a desired energy amount are recorded as power-specific vehicle data and customer-specific data. Based on the aforementioned data, a charging plan is established which can follow different charging strategies according to the invention which dictate the temporal progress of the charging power while parking.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for insulation monitoring including identification of a faulty outer conductor in a three-phase ungrounded power supply system. The fundamental idea of the present invention rests upon determining the phase angle between the measured mains voltage and the measured neutral-point voltage when presuming only one measurement of the mains voltage to ground at one of the outer conductors and one measurement of the neutral-point voltage to ground. The value of the thus determined phase angle is in one of three angle ranges which each extend over 120 degrees and are to be assigned to one of the three outer conductors so that the faulty outer conductor is determined. The faulty outer conductor is thus detected by measuring only one mains voltage in conjunction with the measurement of the neutral-point voltage by evaluating the phase between the two measured voltage.

Abstract: A method and device for determining a division of a total insulation resistance and of a total system leakage capacitance in an ungrounded power supply system. The basic idea is to determine how the total insulation resistance is divided into partial insulation resistances and how the total system leakage capacitance is divided into partial system leakage capacitances between the active conductors of the ungrounded power supply system from displacement voltages measured between each of the active conductors of the ungrounded power supply system based on values determined in advance for the total insulation resistance and for the total system leakage capacitance of the ungrounded power supply system. By evaluating the displacement voltages in terms of their changes in amplitude, their frequency and their phasing, conclusions can be drawn as to the division of the total insulation resistance and of the total system leakage capacitance between the individual active conductors.

Abstract: Method for the continuous insulation monitoring of an electrical conductor arrangement (12) with an active conductor (3) and a conductor structure (14) electrically insulated from the active conductor (3), wherein the quality of the conductor arrangement (12) as well as the arrangement of the active conductor (3) and the conductor structure (14) is such that almost identical propagation conditions for the active conductor (3) and the conductor structure (14) apply to a current flow against ground (E), wherein an insulation resistance measurement is being carried out, wherein an insulation monitoring unit (20) is connected between the conductor structure (14) and ground (E), which superimposes a measurement voltage onto the electrical conductor arrangement (12), which generates a measurement current proportionally to the insulation resistance of the conductor arrangement (12), which is acquired in the insulation resistance measurement unit (20) and evaluated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device (10) for localizing an insulation fault in an operating electrical equipment (8) connected to a power supply system (2). Fundamental function blocks of the invention are an electric monitoring device (12), which identifies an insulation fault and communicates a respective fault time to an identifying device (16) via a communication channel (14), said identifying device (16) identifying a faulty operating electrical equipment (8) by electrical equipment of a turning-on/-off signal progress characteristic to the particular operating electrical equipment (8).

Abstract: The invention relates to a reticle (1) for a telescopic sight (100), having a non-linear size value scale (10) and further special scales and sighting aids (30) which serve in each case for the determination of a distance to a target object or of the size thereof in order that, ultimately, a shot can be fired precisely at the target object. The invention also relates to the method for determining the distance to the target object (ZO) using the non-linear size value scale, and to telescopic sights and firearms having the reticle according to the invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to circuit arrangements for reducing potential-induced degradation in photovoltaic modules of a photovoltaic generator, said circuit arrangements comprising an insulation monitoring device for a temporally continuous insulation monitoring of the photovoltaic generator. Furthermore, the invention relates to a photovoltaic system comprising a circuit arrangement for reducing potential-induced degradation in photovoltaic modules, said photovoltaic system comprising a photovoltaic generator and an insulation monitoring device for a temporally continuous insulation monitoring of the photovoltaic generator. Different solutions are proposed which enable reducing potential-induced degradation while simultaneously continuously monitoring insulations. The circuit arrangements according to the invention rest upon an insulation monitoring device interacting with measures based circuit technology for influencing potentials in a photovoltaic module.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and to circuit arrangements for localizing a fault location on an electric line based on time-domain reflectometry. The presently described methods and circuit arrangements serve for localizing an interference location, in particular an insulation fault, on an electric line by using methods of time-domain reflectometry.

Abstract: Methods and devices are provided for testing the function of a standard insulation monitoring device, installed in an ungrounded power supply system, during operation. The basic concept of the invention rests upon adding a testing apparatus to the ungrounded power supply system, which is being monitored using an insulation monitoring device according to regulations, between the active conductors of an ungrounded power supply system and ground, said testing apparatus systematically changing an insulation resistance of the ungrounded power supply system and observing the reaction of the insulation monitoring device in a fully automated manner in perpetually repetitive testing cycles. The power supply system is monitored perpetually during its operation.

Abstract: Methods and devices for insulation monitoring of an ungrounded IT power supply system having at least two phase conductors includes determining an insulation resistance separately for each phase conductor using a separate response value. In one embodiment of the invention, relevant current and voltage distributions are calculated. In another embodiment, a change time window is set within which a second response value is activated. In yet another embodiment, an option of shutting down/continuing operation of the IT power supply system is offered.

Abstract: A ground fault circuit interrupter with a residual current device is suggested which comprises a tripping characteristic having a combined time-current curve that implements a minimum tripping time value of a first time-current curve and a second time-current curve for each current value.

Abstract: A charging station for charging an electric energy storage means of an electric vehicle using alternating charging current, having a fault-current protective device and having a charging controller. The fault-current protective device is divided into its functional units, a differential-current monitoring unit forming an integral structural unit in the form of a charging-current controller and monitoring device in conjunction with the charging controller according to the invention. Alternatively, the fault-current protective device forms an integral structural unit in the form of a charging-current controller and protective device in conjunction with charging controller.

Abstract: A pallet understructure, in particular for transport and storage containers for liquids, which are equipped with an inner container made of plastic, with a closable filling neck and a draining neck for connecting a tapping armature, wherein the understructure has an outer jacket made of a metal grid or sheet metal, and a bottom (13) for supporting the inner container, corner feet and central feet arranged between the corner feet, as well as a bottom cross member (16), wherein at least the outer jacket and the bottom cross member are attached to at least two central feet, wherein the respective central foot, the outer jacket and the bottom cross member are coupled in a form-fitting fashion with the aid of a screw (45), wherein there is a bracket (28), which reaches around the bottom cross member (16) and around a peripheral edge of the outer jacket, wherein the screw (45) penetrates legs (29, 30) of the bracket.