Abstract: A method for the error correction of a vectorial network analyzer, where a primary system calibration is initially implemented using a calibration kit. Following this, a first, secondary error correction is implemented on at least two one-port networks of the vectorial network analyzer. After this first, secondary error correction of the one-port networks of the vectorial network analyzer, a second, secondary error correction is implemented, where either two one-port networks are through-connected in an ideal manner or a measurement is implemented on a reciprocal two-port network. The corrected system-error values from the first, secondary error correction are used even in this further measurement, and overall, a high-precision, calibrated multi-port network analyzer is obtained.

Abstract: This disclosure is drawn to a triacetone triperoxide derivative in accordance with the general formula (I) and a diacetone diperoxide derivative in accordance with the general formula (II) wherein R1 is a hydrogen residue or an optionally halogenated or perhalogenated C1 to C5 alkyl group, R2 represents a linker molecule, and X represents a reactive or activatable group. A method for the preparation of the TATP or DADP derivatives and the use thereof as antigen for the preparation of TATP- or DADP-specific antibodies or other binders is also disclosed. The antibodies are preferably used in a biosensor for the detection of TATP or DADP in air.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical standard (10) for the calibration or characterization of optical measuring devices and as a reference system for intensities and intensity measurements. The standard (10) according to the invention, constructed sandwich-like, comprises a combination of at least two layer-like optical standard modules (12) having defined optical properties, joinable or joined together plane-parallel, wherein the standard modules (12) in each instance differ from each other by at least one optical property, namely, by their absorption, emission, scatter and/or reflection properties, and the standard modules (12) are made so that they enter into physical interaction with electromagnetic radiation striking one of their two principal surfaces (12.1).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing micro-structured shaped parts (22) and the resulting products, wherein a first negative or positive photosensitive layer (12) with a layer thickness (D1) is deposited on a substrate (10) and the first negative or positive photosensitive layer (12) is exposed area-by-area with light of a suitable wavelength; a second negative or positive photosensitive layer (12?) with a layer thickness (D2) is deposited on the first negative or positive photosensitive layer (12) and exposed area-by-area with light of a suitable wavelength, wherein the exposed regions (16?) in the second layer (12?) are identical to and/or different from the exposed regions (16) in the first layer (12); the steps of depositing and exposing the photosensitive layer (12, 12?) area-by-area are performed repeatedly until a predetermined height H is attained, wherein the exposed regions (16, 16?) of the photosensitive layers (12, 12?) represent the positive or negative of the microstructure of the sha

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of a metallic substrate having a biocompatible surface and to the substrate that is produced by means of said method. The method comprises treatment of a metal, i.e., Ti, Ti alloys with Al, V, Ta, Nb, Ni, Fe, Mo or mixtures thereof, Ta, Ta alloys with Fe, Al, Cr, stainless steel, with a melt of calcium nitrate and an additional component which is an oxygen salt of Na, K, Li, Mg and mixtures thereof, said treatment being effected at 180-480° C. for 0.1 to 12 hours. A substrate is obtained, wherein the overall layer thickness ranges from 10 to below 1600 nm and the fatigue strength of the substrate is in the same fatigue strength range as that of an untreated substrate at equal number of vibrations N.

Abstract: A method for producing a latent heat storage material from a graphitic starting material selected from the group consisting of natural graphite, expanded graphite, and/or graphite fibers, and from a phase-changing material selected from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, water, organic acids and the mixtures thereof, aqueous salt solutions, salt hydrates, mixtures of salt hydrates, salt hydrates with paraffins, inorganic and organic salts and eutectic salt mixtures, clathrates and alkali metal hydroxides, as well as mixtures of these materials. The graphitic starting material is treated with a plasma before being impregnated with the phase-changing material. A latent heat storage material is produced according to the method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for examining the resistance of a connection between two bodies, whereby one of the bodies only has a small mass. A correspondingly directed force is exerted upon the connection until disconnection thereof. The force used is the centrifugal force which acts at a distance from a rotational axis in a concentric manner about said rotated connection. Said method is particularly advantageous if the body having a small mass is a coating which is applied to the other body. In order to obtain a sufficiently high centrifugal force, an examining stamp is applied to the body having the small mass and/or the coating on the side oriented away from the connection. The adhesion between the body and/or the coating and the examining stamp is greater than between both of the bodies and/or the coating and the other body.

Abstract: Disclosed are an imaging method and an arrangement for the computer-assisted evaluation of projected object trajectories obtained from a computer-tomographic measurement. According to the inventive method, the trajectories are arranged in a previously known sequence into a projection matrix as traces of the respective voluminous elements, and the following steps are iterated until a sufficient reconstruction quality has been attained; (a) at least one of the traces is selected; (b) a reconstructed element that is true to the original position is formed from each of the selected traces so as to be added to a reconstructed image; (c) the selected traces are removed from the projection matrix.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for evaluating pressure containers made of a composite material by acoustic emission testing. The method comprises the steps: (a) determining a sufficient number of internal pressure-dependent acoustic emission characteristics (AE characteristics) of pressure containers from identical production that have been classified as being without defects in predetermined phases of a time-controlled pressure acting upon the pressure container (AE test procedure) with one or more acoustic emission channels (AE channels) using acoustic emission sensors (AE sensors) of a predetermined position (one AE characteristic per AE sensor or AE channel.

Abstract: A method of detecting a movement of a measuring probe provided between an objective lens adapted to image an object plane on a predetermined image plane and the object plane is disclosed. Additionally, a measuring instrument comprising an objective lens and a measuring probe is disclosed. An input beam of light is split into a measurement beam and a reference beam. The measurement beam is focused on a reverse focal plane of the objective lens such that the measurement beam is collimated by the objective lens. The collimated measurement beam is reflected at the measuring probe. The reflected measurement beam is directed towards the objective lens such that the objective lens focuses the reflected measurement beam on the reverse focal plane. The reflected measurement beam is collimated. The collimated reference beam and the reference beam are superimposed to form a superimposed beam and an interference between the reflected measurement beam and the reference beam is detected.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of a metallic substrate having a biocompatible surface and to the substrate that is produced by means of said method. The method comprises treatment of a metal, i.e., Ti, Ti alloys with Al, V, Ta, Nb, Ni, Fe, Mo or mixtures thereof, Ta, Ta alloys with Fe, Al, Cr, stainless steel, with a melt of calcium nitrate and an additional component which is an oxygen salt of Na, K, Li, Mg and mixtures thereof, said treatment being effected at 180-480 ° C. for 0.1 to 12 hours. A substrate is obtained, wherein the overall layer thickness ranges from 10 to below 1600 nm and the fatigue strength of the substrate is in the same fatigue strength range as that of an untreated substrate at equal number of vibrations N.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to provide a method that increases the discernibility of fine structures in an input image and that suppresses noise. Said method comprises the following steps: calculation of a Fourier-transformation I(k) of the input image; calculation of a scaled power spectrum Psk(k) from the Fourier transformation; calculation of a noise function R(k), the following equation R(k)=Psk(k) for ?k?>ks being true for the higher frequencies k of said function above a predetermined threshold frequency ks; calculation of a differential function D(k)=Psk(k)?R(k); calculation of a filter function according to F(k)=? ?k? D(k); multiplication of the Fourier transformation I(k) with the filter function F(k) and subsequent execution of an inverse Fourier transformation (30) for calculating a reconstructed image Ir(r).

Abstract: Method of magnetization reversal of the magnetization (M) of at least one first magnetic memory element of an array of magnetic memory elements comprising the steps of: applying a first magnetic field pulse to a first set of magnetic memory elements, and applying a second magnetic field pulse to a second set of magnetic memory elements, such that during the application of the first and second magnetic field pulse the magnetization (M) of said first magnetic memory element which is to be reversed upon the field pulse decay performs approximately an odd number of a half precessional turns, wherein the magnetization (M) of at least one second magnetic memory element which is not to be reversed upon the field pulse decay performs approximately a number of full precessional turns.

Abstract: A reinforcement element, comprises at least one sensor fiber adapted for strain measurements based on stimulated Brillouin scattering within said sensor fiber.

Abstract: A method for detection and classification of imperfections in components is proposed having the following stages: Irradiation of pulsed ultrasonic waves from electrical emission pulses on several points of the surface of the component to be examined, reception of the reflected ultrasonic waves at several points of the surface for generating multiple electrical reception signals, analysis and evaluation of the electrical reception signals in terms of their amplitude information with reference to the positions of the points of the irradiated ultrasonic waves and the detected reflected sound waves for generating a three-dimensional spatial distribution of the scattering properties of the component.

Abstract: A device for the destruction-free testing of components, in particular of concrete components with ultrasound is suggested, which comprises at least one sensor module with several ultrasonic testing heads functioning as transmitters and/or receivers. The sensor module is provided with a device for producing transmitter impulses for the ultrasonic radiation and with a device for acquiring the readings. Several sensor modules for forming an array are mechanically connected to one another. Furthermore, a control- and evaluation device for activating the sensor modules with their ultrasonic heads and for evaluation of the readings delivered by the sensor modules is provided, which via a bus system is connected with control- and data leads to the sensor modules.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an X-ray amorphous-crystalline material with high solubility which can be used as a bioactive bone replacement material and as a substrate material in biotechnology. The new material comprising crystalline and X-ray amorphous phases is characterized in that according to 31P-NMR measurements, it contains Q0-groups of orthophosphate and Q1-groups of diphosphate, the ortho-phosphates or Q0-groups making up 70 to 99.9% by weight relative to the total phosphorus content of the finished material and the diphosphates or Q1-groups making up 0.1 to 30% by weight relative to the total phosphorus content of the finished material, and that according to X-ray diffractometric measurements and relative to the total weight of the finished material, 30 to 99.9% by weight of a main crystal phase consisting of Ca2K1?xNa1+x(PO4)2, where x=0.1 to 0.9, is contained in the bone replacement material and 0.

Abstract: An arrangement for testing an elongated body 1 or a welded and bonded joint in the body for faults 60 has a device 4, 5 for production of an eddy current in the elongated body 1 or its welded and bonded joint. At least one magnetic field sensor 7 for sensing the magnetic field is provided on the elongated body 1 or the welded and bonded joint. The dimensions of the at least one magnetic field sensor 7 are equal to or less than the fault 60 to be investigated.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an X-ray amorphous-crystalline material with high solubility which can be used as a bioactive bone replacement material and as a substrate material in biotechnology. The new material comprising crystalline and X-ray amorphous phases is characterized in that according to 31P-NMR measurements, it contains Q0-groups of orthophosphate and Q1-groups of diphosphate, the ortho-phosphates or Q0-groups making up 70 to 99.9% by weight relative to the total phosphorus content of the finished material and the diphosphates or Q1-groups making up 0.1 to 30% by weight relative to the total phosphorus content of the finished material, and that according to X-ray diffractometric measurements and relative to the total weight of the finished material, 30 to 99.9% by weight of a main crystal phase consisting of Ca2K1?xNa1+x(PO4)2, where x=0.1 to 0.9, is contained in the bone replacement material and 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multi-functional calibration system (10) for characterizing luminescence measurement systems, in particular spectrally resolving, wide-field and/or confocal imaging systems, with (a) a baseplate (12), (b) at least one calibration module (24) arranged on the baseplate (12) and including at least one calibration and/or characterization function, and (c) at least one focusing device (20) integrated in the baseplate (12) with a focusing surface (22) for setting a defined measurement beam focus of the luminescence measurement systems to be calibrated, the focusing surface (22) arranged in a common plane with the at least one calibration module (24).