Abstract: A display apparatus is constituted by a display device including a plurality of pixels and control means for effecting a plurality of displaying operations at each pixel. Each of the displaying operation includes at least a first operation for displaying a first image at a first luminance and a second operation for displaying a second image substantially identical to the first image at a second luminance, said first and second luminances being non-zero and different from each other. One of the first and second luminances may preferably be smaller than ⅕ of the other luminance.

Abstract: In a chroma subsampled image, since an extracted object contains a color outside the object upon extracting the object, the color of an object boundary portion becomes unnatural upon reproduction, and coding efficiency lowers. In this invention, the object is extracted while determining pixels on the object boundary as those outside the object. Upon object extraction, the value of a chroma pixels that extends across the object boundary is calculated based on the chroma values of its surrounding pixels. With this process, the coding efficiency can be improved, and natural color reproduction can be realized, since chroma data that extends across the boundary is synthesized on the basis of the ratio between background data and object data upon object synthesis.

Abstract: An image-forming apparatus and an image-forming method using a cleanerless system are disclosed in which a non-contact developing assembly develops an electrostatic latent image with a magnetic one-component developer to form a magnetic-toner image and collects a magnetic toner having remained on the charging object member, a member to be charged is charged by means of a charging assembly having a charging member the surface of which is movable with a velocity differential in the opposite direction with respect to the surface of the charging object member, and conductive particles are present at least at the contact surfaces between the charging member and the charging object member.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus optically transfers a pattern drawn on an original plate onto an exposure target. When positioning a stage, which is movable with an exposure target or original plate being mounted thereon, the coordinate origin as the reference is switched, when necessary, to match the operating state of the apparatus. The stage is positioned with reference to coordinate information having this coordinate origin as the reference.

Abstract: This invention relates to a highly precise and efficient color filter producing apparatus, which is provided with at least a set of drawing heads for respectively generating ink jets of red, green and blue colors, movement means for moving, with a substrate on which a color filter is to be formed by drawing with said ink jets, in a plane having a predetermined distance from the drawing heads, displacement detection means for detecting relative displacement between the substrate and the drawing heads in directions of six freedoms, means for detecting the reaching position on the substrate of the ink jet discharged from the drawing head, and alignment means for effecting alignment between the substrate and the drawing heads in directions of six freedoms, based on the results of detection of the reaching position and of the relative displacement between the substrate and the drawing head in directions of six freedoms.

Abstract: An X-ray optical system includes an X-ray illumination system having at least two mirrors, a driving system for moving the at least two mirrors, a detecting system having at least one sensor, for detecting at least one of tilt and incidence position of X-rays in the X-ray illumination system, and a control system for controlling movements of the at least two mirrors by the driving system on the basis of detection by the detecting system.

Abstract: There is disclosed an ink-jet head for performing recording by discharging an ink, including a discharge port for discharging the ink, and an ink channel which communicates with the discharge port and is provided with a discharge energy generating element for discharging the ink. An optical element is arranged at a position, corresponding to the ink channel, of the ink-jet head. There are also disclosed an ink-jet apparatus using the ink-jet head and a substrate for the ink-jet head.

Abstract: An ink-jet printer for printing an imaging using an ink-jet head has a heater for holding the temperature of the ink-jet head above a predetermined temperature. The temperature of the ink-jet head is held above the predetermined temperature at the time of a recording operation. When the recording operation ends, elapsed time from the end of recording is measured and, when elapsed time attains a predetermined time, current fed to the header is stopped. From this point onward, the temperature of the ink-jet head is held at a temperature below that which prevails at the time of recording until the next recording operation begins.

Abstract: A liquid jet head for discharging liquid comprises a plurality of element boards each having electrothermal transducing elements to generate thermal energy for discharging liquid, and functional elements to drive the electrothermal transducing elements on one and the same board; and a circuit board having the wirings through which the functional elements input signals from or output signals to outside. Electrical connections are made so that the output signals from the element board are inputted to the adjacent element board through the circuit board. In this way, no connections are needed between chips in wire bonding to make the directions of bonding one-way, leading to a significantly increased efficiency of work on the wire connection.

Abstract: A thermal transfer recording apparatus for image recording on a recording medium by transferring the ink of an ink sheet onto said recording medium, comprises ink sheet transport means for transporting said ink sheet, recording medium transport means for transporting said recording medium, recording means for effecting said ink sheet thereby recording an image on said recording medium, timer means for measuring time after image recording by said recording means, heat generation means for driving said recording means to effect heat generation with same data as in the preceding image recording prior to a next recording operation when a predetermined time is measured by said timer means, and control means adapted, when a time exceeding said predetermined time is measured by said timer means, to control the energy for driving said recording means prior to the next recording operation according to the time measured by said timer means.

Abstract: An optical information recording and/or reproducing apparatus has a detecting apparatus for detecting a tracking error signal.

Abstract: A recording apparatus has a memory for storing information entered from a key input device, whereby the stored information can be used to rapidly and precisely position erasing means at a previously recorded indicium for erasure thereof. The apparatus may also have at least one drive system which controls the printing pressure, the amount of printing ribbon feeding, or the amount of printing sheet feeding, and a memory for storing information to regulate the drive systems. One embodiment of the apparatus is an electronic typewriter.

Abstract: In a video camera having an image sensor for converting an object image into a video signal, a viewfinder for visualizing the object image and a power source, waste of electric energy is prevented by controlling the supply of power to the viewfinder by detecting the access or non-access of the eye of a photographer to the viewfinder. Waste of electric energy is further prevented by controlling the power supply to the image sensor by detecting the state of the access of the eye to the viewfinder. In a case where the video camera is provided with a recorder for recording the video signal on a recording medium, waste of the recording medium is prevented by detecting the access or non-access of the eye to the viewfinder and by inhibiting a recording action of the recorder according to the result of detection, so that unintended meaningless shooting can be prevented.

Abstract: There is provided an image pickup apparatus having an image pickup element for dividing a photoelectrically converted video signal of one frame into first and second fields and for sequentially reading the fields out, wherein the apparatus has a suppression circuit to suppress the signal of a predetermined band in the video signal from the image pickup element by different magnitudes for the first and second fields.

Abstract: A film retrieving apparatus for retrieving a desired frame in a film has an optical device for projecting images recorded in the frames of the film, a moving device for moving the film along a plane orthogonal to the optical path of the optical device, image detecting device for putting out a signal when it detects that no image is present in a frame, a control device for stopping the film when each frame of the film has been placed in the optical path of the optical device and for controlling the moving device so as to move the film in a set time after the stoppage of the film, and an inhibition device for inhibiting a frame in which no image is present from stopping in the optical path for the set time by the signal put out from the detecting device.

Abstract: An optical system comprising, from front to rear, a first lens group of positive power, a second lens group of negative power and a third lens group of positive power, wherein deflection of an image is made by parallel decentering the second lens group.

Abstract: A secondary image forming type finder opitcal device having an objective lens solely used therefor, comprising, from front to rear, an objective lens unit including at least one positive lens, a relay lens unit formed by arranging a lens of positive refractive power and a lens of negative refractive power in spaced relation, a field lens unit consisting of a positive lens whose front surface is of strong curvature, and an eyepiece lens unit consisting of two positive lenses whose confronting surfaces are of strong curvature, satisfying the following conditions: ##EQU1## where f.sub.P is the focal length of the lens of positive refractive power of the relay lens unit, .nu..sub.P is the Abbe number of its material, R.sub.P is the radius of curvature of a lens surface of the lens of positive refractive power of the relay lens unit which is of strong curvature and faces the lens of negative refractive power of the relays lens unit, f.sub.

Abstract: An image-forming lens having a primary surface defined by a spherical surface and located on the side of an object when the lens is used to provide negative magnification, a secondary surface defined by a flat plane and located on the side of an image, the lens having therein a refractive index distribution exhibiting a substantially spherical symmetry with its center located in the vicinity of the highest point of the primary surface located most distantly from the secondary surface when measured perpendicularly from the secondary surface.

Abstract: A lens barrel for use in an optical instrument such as a camera or other imaging device has a circuit board having an aperture which allows a light beam from a photographed object to pass therethrough. The aperture has a substantially polygonal shape which substantially coincides with an area of the light beam effective in forming an image on a recording portion including a film plane or an image sensing plane. The peripheral portion of the circuit board around the aperture provides a mounting area which is large enough to mount a large-sized IC chip which may include a zooming data processing circuit and other control circuits.

Abstract: A zoom lens comprising, from front to rear, a first lens unit of negative power and a second lens unit of positive power, both lens being axially moved to effect zooming, in which a diaphragm is arranged between the first and second lens units to remain stationary during zooming.