Abstract: The brightness and the contrast are optimized in a video image which is used for controlling a manipulator unit. For this purpose, the gain/offset control means of a video camera producing the video image, is controlled using an image control unit in a manner such that the image data of an object can be processed by the image control unit in optimum manner. The manipulator unit may comprise an industrial robot manipulating a workpiece or a tool of a machine tool acting upon a workpiece. The manipulator unit can also be constructed as a target tracking platform for tracking a target which is imaged by the video camera.

Abstract: In a highly integrated circuit the semiconductor chip (8) is fastened on a substrate (17) which projects on all sides only a few millimeters beyond the semiconductor chip (8). For Full dynamic testing of the circuit before insertion, connections are provided which are arranged outside the projecting substrate edge (23) with a sufficiently large grid spacing.In a first embodiment (FIG. 2D) "lost" test connections (5) are used which are separated after testing.In a second embodiment (FIG. 3E), contact areas in the form of bumps (21) are used for testing which are arranged on the underside of the through-holes (18) lying in the chip mounting area.In this manner it is possible to realize a circuit with greatly reduced space requirement, which at the same time can be fully tested dynamically before insertion.

Abstract: An electronic circuit with flip-chip mounting of a semiconductor chip (5) on a substrate (1), wherein there is provided between the semiconductor chip (5) and the conductor tracks (2) of the substrate (1) a metallic solder stop layer (3) which is insulated from its environment by an oxide layer (4). With this type of solder stop layer, it is possible to obtain layer thickness which can be exactly reproduced, as a result of which a reliable flip-chip soldering is achieved.

Abstract: The device comprises three rotational axes (7, 8, 9), whereby the first (7) and the second (8), counted from the axis of the target directed body, constitute a classical laying axis system, and a third rotational axis (9) between this laying axis system and the base support (5) of the device allows this laying system to pivot to a singularity axis, such that the device can carry out the laying movements thereof with adequate angular distance from its singularity, and whereby the first (7) and the third (9) rotational axis are spaced from one another by a distance (A), in order that there can be aimed without hindrance beyond a housing (10) in which the necessary auxiliary installations are accommodated.

Abstract: In the stepping or indexing drive of a character drum having secured thereat a pinion, wherein there is provided an actuation plunger for rotary motion of the pinion in the one direction and another actuation plunger for rotary motion of the pinion in the other direction, there must be prevented that the character drum while rotating from one index position to the next can be stopped and remain in an intermediate position between two index positions. For this purpose, there is provided a movable locking or detent element which coacts with both actuation plungers and with inclined surfaces formed at the switch housing. This locking or detent element is brought by each individual actuation plunger, at the start of its actuating path, into a locking position for the other actuation plunger and retained in this locking position to positively prevent simultaneous actuation of both actuation plungers.

Abstract: The apparatus for analyzing particles in a particle containing fluid, especially pretreated liquids containing blood samples, contains storage devices and computing sections for determining separation threshold values and the particle distribution as a function of a pretermined particle parameter. The separation threshold values are determined on the basis of measured values of the predetermined particle parameter arranged in individual histograms containing at least two particle population maxima and minima. At least one particle population minimum is determined using an adaptive method. For insufficiently distinct particle population minima, there is first determined, on the basis of histograms containing corresponding distinct particle population minima and maxima, a characteristic difference quotient: ##EQU1## The separation threshold value associated with the insufficiently distinct particle population minimum is determined on the basis of the characteristic difference quotient according to:S.sub.

Abstract: To order to positively lock or arrest an adjusted position at a mechanical device, for instance the elevation position at a firing device, with negligible play, wherein there is fixed the position set by a hand wheel serving for adjustment of the elevation position of the firing device, there is provided a locking or arresting apparatus comprising a clamping device arranged at a stationary part or housing of the firing device. The clamping device comprises two jaw members. By means of the clamping device, following setting of the desired position, such as the elevation position of the firing device, a ring member fixedly connected with the rotatably mounted hand wheel can be clamped between both clamping jaw members by the clamping device. In this way, the ring member can be positively arrested or fixed in position. The locking or arresting apparatus has many fields of application for all types of mechanical devices of different construction.

Abstract: The electric push-button switch comprises a housing portion and a linearly moveable push-button portion. Guide columns at the housing portion and the push-button portion attain accurate linear guiding and rotational positioning of the push-button portion. These guide columns mutually interact or interengage and are in multiple line contact with one another. This multiple line contact extends in the direction of movement of the push-button portion. The length of such line contact is variable between a rest position and an operating position of the push-button portion. This line contact is greatest when the push-button portion assumes its operating position. A contact surface of a fixed counter contact comprises a planar slide surface for resilient contact arms carried by the push-button portion. The friction arising during the forced sliding movement of the resilient contact arms over the contact surface produces self-cleaning of the contacts and damping of contact chatter movements.

Abstract: The wheel body of a tape wheel possesses two outer half shells which are fastened to the wheel hub. The two outer half shells are arranged in conically inclined relationship to one another with respect to a connecting plane and form a wheel rim by means of annular wall parts. Within the wheel body there may be located an inner stiffening shell which diagonally extends toward the exterior from one flange of the wheel hub to a free end of the other outer half shell. The inner stiffening shell abuts against the annular wall parts by means of an annular shell portion. The transverse or axial stiffness or rigidity of the wheel body and thus of the entire tape wheel is increased in a particularly advantageous manner.

Abstract: A controlled coupling action between a distributor element and a rotary diaphragm is to be provided in an environment exposed to dust and powder within a dosing apparatus into which all kinds of materials, such as abrasive and chemically aggressive substances, but also materials intensifying sliding or adhesion properties are introduced for dosed delivery. To that end there are provided elastic form-locking coupling elements which, under increasing load, momentarily disengage the rotary connection between the distributor element and the rotary diaphragm. A preferred material pairing for the elastic form-locking coupling elements is metal, such as stainless steel, and polytetrafluoroethylene known as Teflon.

Abstract: The apparatus for the dosed delivery of a granular solid material to a reaction container possessing a delivery inlet possesses a dosing device comprising a piston-cylinder unit which opens or discharges into the base or floor of a transfer chamber. The solid material which exits or leaves the dosing device is conveyed in the transfer chamber by means of a rotating conveyor component to a funnel whose inlet opening is located in the base or floor of the transfer chamber. The conveyor elements or cavities of the conveyor component extend over the entire cross section of the inner volume of the transfer chamber such that the solid material is transferred without loss from the dosing device to the funnel which discharges into the delivery inlet of the reaction container and the conveyor component seals the gas volume above the funnel.

Abstract: An osmotic pump for supplying a fluid medium to a reaction chamber defining a first chamber, for example, for supplying a fluid nutrient to a cell culture located in the reaction chamber, is connected to the reaction chamber by a plurality of channels forming a channel system. The osmotic pump provides a continual supply of fluid medium even under zero gravity conditions. The removal and return of expended reaction medium takes place by means of a channel into a second chamber. This second chamber encloses an operating medium for the osmotic pump such that the chambers form a closed system with the corresponding channels.

Abstract: The proposed surveillance system for surveilling a given scenario in azimuth and in elevation comprises an infrared surveillance detection device passively operating in the infrared region and a radar search and/or tracking device operating in the active mode for range determination. The targets or target information data are obtained as video signals from the infrared surveillance detection device during each search cycle and are processed in an infrared data processor. The video signals are discriminated and stored in an infrared signal processor with respect to their elevation angle values (.lambda.) and azimuth angle values (.alpha.). The values of the azimuth angle (.alpha.) are simultaneously fed to a radar activation and contol unit for triggering a momentary or short-time emission by the radar search and/or tracking device.

Abstract: The target tracking system has high tracking reliability at small servo load and comprises a plural number of groups of target sensors having tracking signal travelling times which vary from one group to the other and defining respective lines of sight, a servo system causing the lines of sight to track the target, a target estimator for estimating the movement of the target, a servo estimator for estimating the movement of the servo system, and a regulator which identically controls the servo system and the servo estimator such that the vectorial difference between the estimate of the target movement and the estimate of the servo movement is caused to approach zero. During the target tracking operation, vectorial target deviation signals which are generated by groups of angle sensors, are processed by multipliers using respective matrices in order to produce related combined target deviation signals.

Abstract: A parabolically-shaped reflector antenna particularly intended for space vehicle applications, can be transported into outer space in a folded state. There it is inflated by means of a gaseous agent, such as a gas compound or gaseous medium, which is transported with the space vehicle. The antenna reflector and an antenna radome form an inflatable cavity which is stabilized by a rigidizing torus. The covering material of the antenna reflector, the antenna radome and the rigidizing torus comprise a resin-impregnated layer of fabric. After inflation in outer space, the reflector antenna is aligned such that it will be substantially uniformly heated by the sun for substantially uniform polymerization of the resin impregnant. After polymerization, the reflector antenna requires no gas pressure to keep its shape.

Abstract: A hydraulically operated rotational drive system, preferably for a Gatling cannon or gun, comprises a first hydraulic motor for the driving phase and sustenance of a predeterminate operating speed as well as for base load operation for the braking phase, and being continually operatively connectable to a second hydraulic auxiliary motor. During the start-up or run-up phase, until attaining the required speed, as well as during the braking or deceleration phase, this second hydraulic motor is operatively and/or controllably, automatically connectable to the first hydraulic motor for energy-saving operation. Operative and controllable connection of the first and second hydraulic motors is accomplished by means of an operative connection of the hydraulic system with the hydraulic motors on the one hand and with a pressure source and a tank on the other hand.

Abstract: The supporting device is constructed as a support stand and contains an upright, a first pivot system pivotably mounted at the upright, a second pivot system rotatably and pivotably mounted at the first pivot system, as well as adjustable counterweights and several pivotable and lockable pivot bearings permitting rotary and pivoting movements. The upright has a substantially U-shaped cross-section containing two side members between which there are arranged, in a space-saving manner, a pivot arm which is pivotably mounted about a substantially horizontal axis, and an L-shaped control lever mounted at the pivot arm and receiving a first counterweight. The second pivot system is arranged at the first pivot system using an L-shaped support arm and is constructed such that the extended horizontal axis of a top lockable pivot bearing intersects with the rotary and pivot axis of a front lockable pivot bearing.

Abstract: The viscometer comprises a measuring element suspended on a torsion wire and immersed in a substance to be tested contained in a measurement vessel. The measurement vessel with the therein contained substance is driven by a first drive member. A second drive member as well as a measuring system are arranged on a shaft between the torsion wire and the measuring element. A signal transducer prescribes or sets a predetermined amount of torque for the second drive member. The predetermined amount of torque corresponds to a predetermined shear stress characteristic of the substance to be measured. A predetermined angular deflection or angular velocity is applied to the first drive member through a regulation connection arranged between the measuring system and the first drive member. The viscometer is, due to its high accuracy, particularly advantageous for applications in low viscosity ranges of structurally viscous substances.

Abstract: A dosing and mixing apparatus for fluid media comprising at least one delivery element and one isolating element. These elements are provided with through-flow or transfer passages and dosing chambers suitably mutually arranged for accomodating and isolating a voluminized specimen quantity or measured dose of test specimen as well as for delivering this measured out dose of test specimen to and mixing this dose of test specimen with a measured dose of thinning agent. The dosing and mixing apparatus manifests itself in that at least one channel suitably associated with the dosing chamber is provided in a surface of one of the elements, such as the isolating element at the surface thereof which faces the delivery element. Each such channel communicates with through-flow openings or circulation passages and is traversed by a cleansing fluid wetting the mutually facing and touching surfaces of the individual delivery and isolating elements in the transport path of the dose of test specimen.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for closely regulating the temperature of a laboratory reaction vessel arrangement are proposed which permit a desired temperature change to be rapidly established. In the method, a fluid heat transfer medium is introduced into a thermal chamber formed by a reactor vessel and a jacketing vessel of the laboratory reaction vessel arrangement in a finely turbulent and essentially helically ascending manner. In the apparatus for performing the method, a nozzle is provided in the lower region of the jacketing vessel and extends into the thermal chamber for appropriately introducing the fluid heat transfer medium into the thermal chamber.