Abstract: Describes chlorine resistant metal electrodes, preferably of valve metals such as titanium and tantalum, having coatings of mixed metal oxides, preferably valve metal oxides and platinum group metal oxides, which have been doped to provide semi-conducting surfaces on the electrodes, which coatings also have the capacity to catalyze chlorine discharge from the electrodes and to resist corrosive conditions in a chlorine cell and methods of electrolysis.

Abstract: Novel electrodes comprising a body formed of a sintered mixture of powders of at least one film-forming metallic material and at least one additive metal selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Re, Fe, Co, Ni, Ca, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Ge, Sn, Pb, La and the lanthanide series of the Periodic Table and oxides, metallates and intermetallates thereof and their preparation and electrolysis cells containing the said electrodes as the anode thereof and electrolysis processes using the said electrodes as anodes.

Abstract: In a process for the production of manganese dioxide comprising electrodepositing manganese dioxide from an aqueous manganese containing electrolyte on to an anode and removing the manganese dioxide from the anode, the improvement comprising using a flexible material as the anode and flexing the anode to fracture and remove the manganese dioxde deposit.

Abstract: Novel dimensionally stable electrodes constituted by a film forming metallic material alloyed with at least one member of the group consisting of metal belonging to Groups VIB, VIIB, VIII, IIB, IB, IVA, lanthanum and lanthanide series of the Periodic Table, such as chromium, manganese, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, silicon, germanium, tin, lead and lanthanum having an electroconductive and corrosion resistant surface preactivated on the surface thereof, preparation of said electrodes, use of said electrodes as anodes for electrolysis in aqueous and organic solutions or in fused salts as well as for cathodic protection and electrolysis methods using said electrodes.

Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP79/00020 Sec. 371 Date Nov. 28, 1979 Sec. 102(e) Date Nov. 26, 2979 PCT Filed Mar. 27, 1979 PCT Pub. No. WO79/00840 PCT Pub. Date Oct. 18, 1979An electrode for electrolytic processes such as the recovery of uranium dioxide from seawater comprises an electrically-conductive corrosion-resistant substrate having an electrocatalytic coating which is preferably a mixture of 30 to 80 parts by weight of platinum, 20 to 70 parts by weight (as Mn metal) of .beta.--MnO.sub.2 and 2 to 10 parts by weight (as Sn metal) of tin dioxide.

Abstract: Electrodes for electrolytic processes comprise an electrically-conductive and corrosion-resistant substrate, having a coating thereon which contains a solid solution of tin dioxide and bismuth trioxide, preferably in a ratio of 9:1 to 4:1 by weight of the respective metals. This solid solution may form the active coating or an intermediate layer covered with other electrocatalytic materials or may be included in a multi-component coating having selective properties for halogen evolution and oxygen inhibition.

Abstract: An electrode especially for the production of chlorates and perchlorates comprising an electrically-conductive corrosion-resistant substrate having an electrocatalytic coating which is preferably a mixture of 40 to 85 parts by weight of platinum, 0 to 20 parts by weight of palladium and 15 to 40 parts by weight (as tin metal) of tin dioxide.

Abstract: A battery comprising an inert container housing a plurality of corrosion resistant gas depolarized metal cathode elements in hollow box-like form and consumable anode elements in spaced relationship with said cathode elements. At least one wall of each cathode element has a gas-permeable porous cathode formed of sintered particles impregnated with a catalyst and, on the inside, with a hydrophobic resin. The consumable anode elements are mounted on non-consumable metal supports so as to be removable (with or without their supports) and replaceable in the container. In operation, depolarizing gas is fed inside the cathode elements and an electrolyte is maintained between the facing cathodes and anodes.

Abstract: Novel dimensionally stable, porous electrodes made of vitreous or glassy carbon forming a porous body optionally provided on at least a portion of its outer surface with a coating containing an electrocatalytic agent and to electrochemical cells containing the said electrodes and to a method of electrolysis, preferably wherein a halogen is evolved at the anode.

Abstract: Novel electrodes for oxygen ionization half-cell electrode reactions comprising an electrically conductive porous base having over at least a portion thereof a coating containing an electrocatalyst comprising (1) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silver and a platinum group metal and (2) a hydrated oxide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of manganese and nickel, electrochemical cells containing the said electrode at which oxygen is ionized and to novel electrolytic processes with such an electrode.

Abstract: A novel method of molten salt electrolysis and novel electrolytic cells for molten salt electrolysis wherein the anodes for the electrolysis are comprised of a self-sustaining matrix of sintered powders of at least one oxycompound such as oxides, multipleoxides, mixed oxides, oxyhalides and oxycarbides, of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, terbium, erbium, ytterbium, thorium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, chromium and tantalum and at least one electroconductive agent, the said anode being provided over at least a portion of its surface with at least one electrocatalyst for the electrolysis reaction and bipolar electrodes for the said cells which electrodes are resistant to corrosion in molten salt electrolysis and have good electroconductive and good electrocatalytic activity.

Abstract: A rechargeable zinc halogen battery has an aqueous electrolyte containing ions of zinc and halogen and an amount of polysaccharide and/or sorbitol sufficient to prevent zinc dendrite formation during recharging. The electrolyte may also contain trace amounts of metals such as tungsten, molybdenum and lead.

Abstract: In the production of electrolytic manganese dioxide, the anodically-deposited product is removed by cathodically polarizing the electrode, possibly assisted by impact or vibration. Typically, the current is reversed periodically when the deposit is about 100-1500.mu. thick and shortly after current reversal, the product peels off as flake-like particles which can easily be ground to form a battery de-polarizer. An apparatus for use in carrying out the removal of the desired product from electrodes is disclosed and illustrated.

Abstract: A composite halogen electrode for a rechargeable metal-halogen energy storage cell comprises a thin foraminous sheet, typically a valve metal with an electroconductive and electrocatalytic non-passivating coating, in electrical contact over substantially the entire electrode surface with a porous fluid-permeable body for example of carbon fibers or sintered valve metal particles and having throughout its porous structure an active surface coating of electroconductive and electrocatalytic non-passivating material forming a three-dimensional percolating electrode. The foraminous sheet faces an opposing consumable electrode of a storage cell or battery. During charging, halogen evolves essentially at the surface of this sheet and during discharge halogen contained in an electrolyte is ionized as it percolates through the porous body.

Abstract: Relates to anodes for electrolytic cells, for the electrolysis of brine solutions, having primary lead-in means of high conducting capacity (copper) for supplying anodic current to the cell from outside the cell and connected to a current supply source, primary conducting means of lower conducting capacity (titanium, or tantalum or alloys thereof) inside the cell, secondary conducting means of lower conducting capacity (titanium, or tantalum or alloys thereof) inside the cell for conducting current to an electrocatalytically active coating carried on a valve metal base, said electrocatalytic coating being capable of catalyzing halogen ion discharge without becoming passivated over long periods of time, said anodes serving to distribute the current in a cascade fashion from the primary lead-ins to the anode face.

Abstract: Sintered electrodes for electrolytic processes comprising a self-sustaining body or matrix of sintered powders of an oxycompound of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, hafnium, aluminum, silicon, tin, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, lead, manganese, beryllium, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, rhenium, technetium, rhodium, ruthenium, gold, silver, cadmium, copper, zinc, germanium, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, boron, scandium and metals of the lanthanide and actinide series and at least one electroconductive agent, the said electrodes being provided over at least a portion of their surface with at least one electrocatalyst for electrolysis reaction and bipolar electrodes, electrolytic cells containing said electrodes and electrolytic processes using the said electrodes as anodes and/or electrodes. Oxycompounds include oxides, multiple oxides, mixed oxides, oxyhalides and oxycarbides and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: An alkali chlorine diaphragm cell such as is constructed in a conventional manner whereby evolved gaseous chlorine rises in the pool of alkali metal chloride solution is provided with recycling means to recycle the solution from an upper level of the solution to a predetermined lower level of the solution adjacent the cell bottom, a plurality of spaced conduits are preferably provided for this purpose.The downward recirculation of the electrolyte through these conduits is induced by the upward movement of the electrolyte caused by the gaseous chlorine rising in the electrolyte outside the conduits. These conduits advantageously are located at or near anode surfaces and prevent or restrain lateral movement of recycled electrolyte until the recycled electrolyte reaches such lower level usually adjacent the bottom of the anolyte chamber.

Abstract: Storage batteries having negative and positive electrodes in which oxidized lead and/or lead oxide paste for the positive electrodes is applied to a metal base selected from the group consisting of tungsten-rhenium alloys, tantalum and titanium-tantalum alloys and lead and/or oxidized lead paste for the negative electrodes is applied to a metal base selected from the group consisting of tantalum, titanium-tantalum alloys and an alloy of tungsten-rhenium provided with a thin coating of cadmium, silver or lead which avoid the defects of the known electrodes.

Abstract: Describes an electrochemical process operated at relatively low cathodic current density and high anodic current density, particularly for electrowinning and electrorefining processes using dimensionally stable metal anodes with reduced anodic electrocatalytic surfaces to allow full exploitation of the advantages of insoluble metal anodes, such as lower overvoltages, high current density capability, and purer deposits, together with an economical employment of expensive anode materials. Cathodic/anodic current densityratios down to 1/20 are used without materially decreasing overall process efficiency or product's morphology. Choice of geometric parameters, practical aspects, typical embodiments and examples are disclosed.

Abstract: Novel electrodes for electrochemical reactions in an electrolytic medium, wherein the active surface layer of the electrode contains an electrocatalytically effective amount of germanium disulfide. The electrodes can be used in electrochemical cells as the catalytic substrates for oxygen evolution, e.g. oxygen evolution anodes in metal electrowinning, or for the conversion of molecular oxygen to an ionized species as in fuel cells.