Abstract: A hydrogen evolution cathode for electrochemical reactions consists of a body formed of a powdered electrically conductive material embedded in a cured thermosetting resin and having a cathodically operative surface enriched with powder of a hydrogen evolution catalyst, the powdered conductive material preventing the diffusion of atomic hydrogen through the cathode body. The cathode may be incorporated in a bipolar electrode by bonding it to a thin sheet of valve metal coated with an anodic electrocatalytic material, the body being advantageously extended by projecting parts of electrically insulating cured resin.

Abstract: Provides an imperforate valve metal blanket between the cell base of a electrolysis cell and the cell can, which acts as a conductor from the positive current leads to dimensionally stable anodes and provides hollow anodes with perforate and imperforate sections to promote anolyte circulation within the cell.

Abstract: Novel sintered electrodes consisting essentially of 40 to 90% by weight of at least one valve metal boride, 5 to 40% by weight of silicon carbide and 5 to 40% by weight of carbon useful for electrolysis reactions, particularly electrolysis of halide ions to the corresponding halogen and to a novel electrolytic cell, a novel bipolar electrode and to a novel process for effecting the electrochemical processes, particularly electrolysis of molten metal halides.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for electrolyzing an aqueous bromide containing electrolyte to form bromine by passing an electrolysis current through said electrolyte between a cathode and an anode comprising at least a valve metal base which is exposed to the electrolyte over at least part of its surface, the improvement comprising maintaining a breakdown voltage at the valve metal base of the anode in excess of 2 volts (NHE) which may be effected, for example, by using a base consisting of a titanium alloy containing up to 10% by weight of at least one member of the group consisting of vanadium, zinc, hafnium, tantalum and niobium or by using a tantalum base or by the addition to the electrolyte of soluble salts of at least one metal of groups IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VB, VIIB and VIIIB of the Periodic Table in amounts up to 1% by weight or by the addition to the electrolyte of sulfate and/or nitrate ions in a range of 10 to 10 g/l.

Abstract: Novel sintered electrodes comprised of a self-sustaining matrix of sintered powders of yttrium oxide and at least one electroconductive agent, the electrode being provided over at least a portion of its surface with at least electrocatalyst useful for electrolysis reaction and bipolar electrodes with the said matrix and electrolysis cells containing the said electrodes.

Abstract: The operation of a moving particle electrode in an electrolytic cell is monitored by detecting vibration or displacement created by impingment of the solid moving particles against a solid surface producing a signal or alarm whenever the vibration or displacement decreases or otherwise changes an undesirable degree. Vibration or displacement decrease is caused by reduced movement of the particles associated with or part of the electrode.

Abstract: Novel electrodes consisting essentially of a valve metal base or other electrically conductive material which is corrosion-resistant to the anodic conditions having on at least a portion of its outer surface an electrocatalytic coating of .beta.-manganese dioxide chemi-deposited by thermal decomposition of an alcoholic solution of manganese nitrate which are useful in electrolysis processes in which oxygen is formed at the anode such as electrowinning of metals from sulfuric acid solution or in the electrolytic production of perchlorates. Also included are electrodes where the .beta.-manganese dioxide coating is activated by doping with up to 5% by weight of at least one metal of the groups IB, IIB, IVA, VA, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIII of the Periodic Table excluding the platinum group metals, gold and silver or activated by irradiation of the .beta.-manganese dioxide coating and/or stabilized by the addition of up to 20% by weight of silicon dioxide, tin dioxide or .beta.

Abstract: Describes chlorine resistant metal electrodes, preferably of valve metals such as titanium and tantalum, having coatings of mixed metal oxides, preferably valve metal oxides, which have been doped to provide semi-conducting surfaces on the electrodes, which coatings also have the capacity to catalyze chlorine discharge from the electrodes and to resist corrosive conditions in a chlorine cell.

Abstract: Describes chlorine resistant metal electrodes, preferably of valve metals such as titanium and tantalum, having coatings of mixed metal oxides, preferably valve metal oxides and platinum group metal oxides, which have been doped to provide semi-conducting surfaces on the electrodes, which coatings also have the capacity to catalyze chlorine discharge from the electrodes and to resist corrosive conditions in a chlorine cell and methods of their manufacture and use.

Abstract: Provides an imperforate valve metal blanket between the cell base of a diaphragm electrolysis cell and the cell can, which acts as a conductor from the positive current leads to dimensionally stable anodes and provides hollow anodes with perforate and imperforate sections to promote anolyte circulation within the cell.

Abstract: In the method of electrowinning metals from acid aqueous solutions of the metals, the improvement comprising maintaining the anode surface at a temperature not greater than 40.degree. C to avoid deposits of manganese cobalt and iron dioxides and to improve anode life.

Abstract: A method of making an electrode for use in an electrolytic process. The electrode has a core of a film-forming metal and a layer having at least a part of the outside portion of the thickness thereof of an electrolyte resistant and electrolysis product resistant material, which material contains as the material effective for carrying out electrolysis at least one oxide of at least one platinum metal taken from the group consisting of platinum, iridium, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium and osmium. The method comprises forming the platinum metal on the core and then oxidizing it, forming the oxide and then applying it to the core, or forming the oxide directly on the core, for example, by heating a solution of a salt of the metal or electrolysis.

Abstract: Improved cathode starting blanks for metal electrowinning are produced when valve metal sheets are coated with a thin layer containing either silver or silver-valve metal alloys, particularly silver-yttrium alloys, and/or oxides thereof. Said blanks are used in the electro-deposition of strippable metal coatings such as in electrowinning and/or electro-refining of metals. The improved method of recovering a metal from an electrolyte using these cathode blanks and the electrowinning cells containing said cathode blanks are also a part of the invention.

Abstract: Electric storage batteries with titanium or other film forming metal anodes and cathodes are provided. The anodes are coated with mixed oxide coatings of a film forming metal oxide containing a platinum group metal oxide catalyst, which coatings may contain oxides of other metals to alter the breakdown voltage and increase the oxygen overpotential of the cathodes while preserving a low bromine and chlorine overpotential. The cathodes may be uncoated titanium or other film forming metals or film forming metals with a silver coating thereon. Bipolar film forming metal cathodes and anodes are provided carrying a mixed oxide coating on the cathodic face and either no coating or a silver coating on the anodic face. The invention is applicable to all types of electric storage batteries, either primary or secondary, and multiple batteries may be connected in series or in parallel to provide the desired amperage and voltage characteristics.

Abstract: Describes chlorine resistant metal electrodes, preferably of valve metals such as titanium and tantalum, having coatings of mixed metal oxides, preferably valve metal oxides, which have been doped to provide semi-conducting surfaces on the electrodes, which coatings also have the capacity to catalyze chlorine discharge from the electrodes and to resist corrosive conditions in a chlorine cell.

Abstract: A cathode for electrolysis reactions comprising an electrically conductive electrode base having an outer coating on at least a portion of its exterior of an alloy of palladium and either silver or lead, process for the preparation of said cathodes and a method of electrolysis using said cathode.

Abstract: Finely divided RuO.sub.2 serves as an efficient and long-lived electrocatalyst when dispersed in a polymer matrix chemically and mechanically inert to an electrolyte. When applied to a substrate, generally an electrically conductive substrate, an electrode, particularly suited for use as an anode at which oxygen is evolved, is obtained. A coating of polyvinylidene fluoride containing RuO.sub.2 having a particle size of less than 0.1 micron on a titanium substrate is exemplary.