Abstract: The magnitude and wave shape of instantaneous alternating current and power delivered from a converter's single phase alternating current output is controlled by a closed loop power control scheme independent of the direct current input voltage to the converter. A fast averaging methodology for the value of control magnitude and wave shape of the instantaneous power delivered from the alternating current output can be used in the closed loop power control scheme to limit the magnitude of delivered power. The closed loop power control scheme can be used in both power grid-tied applications and stand-alone non-powered load line applications.

Abstract: An avalanche photodiode (APD) has a first semiconductor substrate having a first doping type. A first semiconductor layer is on top of the first semiconductor substrate. The first semiconductor layer is doped with the first doping type. A second epitaxial layer is on top of the first semiconductor layer. The second epitaxial layer is in-situ doped with the first doping type at a concentration higher than a concentration of the first doping type in the first semiconductor layer. A third epitaxial layer is on top of the second epitaxial layer. The third epitaxial layer is in-situ doped with a second doping type. The doping of the third epitaxial region forms a first p-n junction with the doping of the second epitaxial layer, wherein a carrier multiplication region includes the first p-n junction, and wherein the third epitaxial layer forms an absorption region for photons. A first implanted region is within the third epitaxial layer. The implanted region is doped with the second doping type.