Abstract: A circuit board comprises a center segment distributing power and low-speed signaling, and outer segments for high-speed signaling. The segments use dielectric materials with different dielectric constants, with the outer segments supporting higher-speed signal transmission.

Abstract: A packet network device such as a network switch includes a number of functional cards or chassis modules at least some of which are connected to both an electrical backplane and a wireless backplane. The electrical backplane provides data plane signal paths and the wireless backplane provides control plane signal paths.

Abstract: A network device such as a router or a switch is comprised of a control module and a plurality of physical line cards. The control module includes a control processor virtual machine, a plurality of route processing virtual machines and one or more instances of a line card virtual machine. The line card virtual machine operates to receive routing information base update information, to modify the routing information base according to the update information and to update each instance of a plurality of forwarding information bases included on each of the physical line cards.

Abstract: A packet network device includes a packet network processor memory system for storing information used to process and forward packets of information in and through the network device. The information is included in look-up tables whose entries can be mapped either horizontally or vertically into the memory system. In the event that the entries are mapped horizontally, a complete entry can be access at a single memory location and in the event that the entries are mapped vertically, the entries can be accessed at one or more memory locations.

Abstract: A packet network device has multiple equal output paths for at least some traffic flows. The device adjusts load between the paths using a structure that has more entries than the number of equal output paths, with at least some of the output paths appearing as entries in the structure more than once. By adjusting the frequency and/or order of the entries, the device can effect changes in the portion of the traffic flows directed to each of the equal output paths. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A communications network gateway receives a stream of information formatted to be compatible with a first sub-network and it receives a stream of information formatted to be compatible with a second sub-network. The frames in the second stream are extracted and modified to be compatible with the transmission format of the first sub-network. The two streams of information are then aggregated for transmission over a logical network link in a manner that optimizes the bandwidth utilization of the overall communications network.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses are provided that enable streaming of ATM cells between a transmit/receive data processing application and a transmission convergence function. Data to be segmented into an ATM cell is received at a SAR engine, and provided to a transmission convergence function, with the first cells transmitted to the transmission convergence function before the SAR function receives an end-of-packet indication from the optimization engine. Data received at a transmission convergence function is placed in a received packet queue at the SAR function, with packets provided to an application after a start-of-packet indication is received, and before an end-of-packet indication is received, at the SAR function.

Abstract: A physical layer device distributes a high-speed packet data stream to multiple lower-speed physical channels, and reverses the process to receive a high-speed packet data stream that has been distributed across multiple lower-speed physical channels. The packet data is distributed by removing interpacket gap characters from between packets and using a different control character to delineate packets. Interpacket gap characters can then be used to delineate equal-length frames distributed to each of the multiple physical channels. Each frame consists of a concatenation of fixed-size blocks of packet data. By selecting a frame size larger than the average packet size, overhead on the multiple physical channels can actually be lower than the overhead on the single high-speed channel, allowing the aggregation to achieve line rate operation at the high-speed rate.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a hybrid backplane coding scheme transmits data using lengthy sequences of scrambled data, separated by 8b/10b control character sequences that prepare the receiver for the next scrambled sequence and permit realignment if necessary. Several lanes are coded separately in this manner, and then multiplexed on a common channel. Alignment sequences in the control character sequences, as well as scrambler seeds, are set to avoid synchronization of patterns generated among all lanes, which would tend to confuse a receiving serdes and/or phase-locked loop that recovers timing from the multiplexed scrambled signals.

Abstract: Methods of designing a backplane, a backplane, and a packet switch using such a backplane are disclosed. The backplane comprises communication channels that connect each of a set of first card slots to each of a set of second card slots. Instead of forcing the backplane to route the communication channels to match a preset card configuration, the backplane communication channels are routed so as to reduce crosstalk and attenuation on at least the most difficult routing pairs. The cards perform logical translation of their backplane traffic to conform to the physical pin assignment for the particular card slot in which they are inserted. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: Circuit boards and methods for their manufacture are disclosed. The circuit boards carry high-speed signals using conductors formed to include lengthwise channels. The channels increase the surface area of the conductors, and therefore enhance the ability of the conductors to carry high-speed signals. In at least some embodiments, a discontinuity also exists between the dielectric constant within the channels and just outside the channels, which is believed to reduce signal loss into the dielectric material.

Abstract: Traffic engineering using a label-switching protocol is enhanced for label-switched paths that traverse a logical link that is an aggregation of component links. In one embodiment, a label edge router is provided with information regarding the bandwidth capabilities and loading of the component links of a LAG. The label edge router is then allowed to set up paths that traverse a specific component link of a LAG, and reserve bandwidth on such a component link. Other traffic may continue to be distributed across the LAG membership.

Abstract: Plated through holes pass through clearances in a ground plane of a circuit board. A conductive collar/spoke arrangement is constructed on the ground plane adjacent the clearance, to provide an inductive component to the coupling between a plated through hole and the ground plane. The inductive component impedes the transfer of high-frequency noise between the through hole and the ground plane. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a hybrid backplane coding scheme transmits data using lengthy sequences of scrambled data, separated by 8b/10b control character sequences that prepare the receiver for the next scrambled sequence and permit realignment if necessary. Advantageously, the sender of the scrambled data can be changed during the control character sequence. The hybrid backplane coding scheme can be designed such that the power spectral density of scrambled data and control character sequences are similar, which permits good performance with high-speed electrical differential receivers. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A virtual link aggregation-capable service provider network and network edge device are described. In at least one embodiment, the service provider edge devices forward packets across the service provider network between pairs of customer ports, including link aggregation packets that would ordinarily be consumed by the edge device. This allows the customer to bridge a link aggregation across a service provider network. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for preventing an unstable BGP Peer from repeatedly initializing unstable BGP connections. In one embodiment, BGP speakers are penalized for causing errors that result in BGP restarts. When a speaker accumulates enough penalty points, its peer notifies it that it has been dampened (prevented from establishing a BGP connection). A memory decay function allows the speaker to automatically attempt a new connection once a given amount of time has passed. The method allows at least two, and possibly more, BGP speakers to avoid network and processor costs from servicing unstable BGP peerings.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for epoch retransmission in a packet network device are described. In at least one embodiment, epoch receivers check received epoch data for errors. When an error is detected, a receiver is allowed to request that the entire epoch be retransmitted. All epoch senders retain transmitted epoch data until the time for requesting a retransmission of that data is past. If retransmission is requested by any receiver, the epoch is “replayed.” This approach mitigates the problem of dropping multiple packets (bundled in a large epoch) due to an intraswitch error with the epoch. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: Transparent point-to-point connectivity is provided between an incoming interface on an ingress node and an outgoing interface on an egress node in a network. An address associated with the egress node is circulated to the nodes in the network and a next hop address toward the egress node address is determined at each node. A label value is circulated along with the egress node address to the nodes. Examples of label values can include VLAN Ids or Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS) labels. If data is received having the label value, the node receiving the data identifies the next hop address associated with that label value and transfers the data to the next hop associated with the identified next hop address.

Abstract: An accelerated boot process for a multiprocessor system and system components for use with the process are disclosed. Each processor caches at least one compressed system image in local nonvolatile memory. The processors boot concurrently, each using a local image. After a master processor is booted, the other processors verify with the master that each has booted a correct image version. Various redundancy and fallback features are described, which guarantee that all cards can boot and operate even if the preferred local system image contains a defect.

Abstract: A dynamic multiple spanning tree protocol is described. In at least one embodiment, this protocol allows for the dynamic creation and destruction of mappings between traffic attributes and spanning tree instances with the spanning tree region. These mappings are determined based on the observation of events in the spanning tree, such as the appearance of a significant traffic stream, not mapped to any spanning tree instance, at an edge port of the region. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.