Abstract: In an apparatus for guiding surgical instruments during endoscopic surgery including a carrier on which a support member is rotatably mounted about a first axis and a housing structure is mounted on the support member so as to pivot about a second axis which is spaced from the housing structure and intersects the first axis in an invariant point and the housing slidably supports an instrument shaft having an axis also extending through the invariant point and an end which is mounted on a guide member, which is axially movably supported on a guide housing extending from the housing structure parallel to the instrument shaft, a camera is firmly supported on the guide housing in alignment with the instrument shaft so as to be axially movable but not rotatable with the instrument shaft whereby an image transmitted from a lens system at the front end of the instrument shaft to the camera at the rear end of the shaft is shown at a given top-to-bottom orientation independently the rotational position of the instrume

Abstract: In a waste container for containing noxious materials, wherein the container is provided with a double lid structure having an inner lid by which the container can be closed and which has a head by which the inner lid can be grasped for engagement with the outer lid which is part of a containment to which the container is attached for the transfer of noxious materials, the container consists of planar wall sections which are disposed at an angle with respect to one another such that the container has a polygonal shape whereby such containers can be stored closely adjacent one another and the container has a corresponding polygonal opening and has a lid which is also polygonal like the container.

Abstract: The invention relates to a spectrometer for X-radiation, including a disk which is impervious to the radiation and which has a first and a second surface provided with a plurality of channels or bores measuring a maximum of 50 .mu.m. The bores are disposed in such a manner that they extend from the first to the second disk surface and their extensions point toward a common line or a common point, with the common line or common point being located opposite the second surface. Also provided is a device with the aid of which the arching of the disk can be altered in such a way that the distance of the common line or common point from the concave surface changes.

Abstract: In a pressure sensing system comprising a tactile pressure sensor with an opaque cylindrical body disposed in a tube and having axial passages extending between its opposite end faces, an electroluminescent foil is disposed at one end face and a support body which includes light collecting means is disposed at the other end face so that light emitted by the luminescent foil and passing through the passages--dependent on the pressure applied to the one end face--is conducted to an imaging device for determining the pressure distribution applied to the one end face of the cylindrical body.

Abstract: In a microwave resonator for continuous spectroscopic gas analysis with a microwave cavity having dimensions depending on the operating frequency and a setting for a low quality Q of its base mode and microwave reflectors disposed at its opposite ends and including a round hollow conductor part and a co-axial conductor part separated by a pressure-tight dielectric window, an internal conductor part is axially movably supported in the coaxial conductor part by the microwave reflector at one end of the co-axial conductor part, the other reflector being axially movable for tuning the resonator to a maximal absorption frequency and a by-pass line extends past the co-axial conductor part in the area of the dielectric window and has a short branch connected to the co-axial conductor part and including a restrictor for supplying only a relatively small flow of gas from the bypass line to the conductor part of the microwave resonator.

Abstract: In a moisture sensor arrangement for large area layers including a high-frequency electrical generator, a signal travel time measuring apparatus and a reflectometer, all connected to a cable system, at least two independent cables of the cable system are arranged so as to have cross-over points with, and being disposed in spaced relationship but sufficiently close t, one another such that a signal transfer can occur at the cross-over points.

Abstract: In an analysis system including as light sources an incandescent lamp and a blue light emitting diode, the light of the two sources is combined and directed through filters and a test tube with material to be examined to a photodiode array spectrometer. The filters are so selected that they counteract the intensity drop of the incandescent lamp and the sensitivity decrease of the photodiode array of the spectrometer at short wave lengths.

Abstract: In a method of making deformation Lest samples of metallic mechanically rigid, single crystals as they are required as sample rods for tension-, compression-, or bending tests in the precision testing of materials, the samples are first generated by known methods as cylindrical raw single crystals having varying diameters and rough surfaces. The raw single crystals are then shaped by wire erosion to provide testing samples of a desired shape and surface quality.

Abstract: In a filter cartridge for insertion in a housing for the removal of combustible substances from exhaust gases, with a regeneration of the charged filter material by combustion of the substances, the filter consists of a metallic fiber mat welded together so as to form a hollow cylinder which is disposed tightly on an electrically conductive lattice structure. The ends of the hollow filter cylinder are compressed and tightly held, by metal sleeves, in engagement with a cartridge head and a cartridge foot structure and they are welded together by an end face weld seam. Current is supplied to the filter cylinder by way of the cartridge head and foot structure for heating the filter cylinder directly so that the combustible substances collected on the inside of the filter cylinder are efficiently burnt.

Abstract: In a source for the generation of large-area pulsed ion or electron beams from an anode discharge electrode which has openings receiving discharge electrodes forming a vacuum arc plasma source, the discharge is safely triggered by a load which determines the total current and which consists of a parallel circuit including an ohmic resistor and a capacitor wherein the load output is adapted to the internal resistance of the pulse voltage generator. With a dimensioning of the electrical components taking into consideration given limits, a homogeneous beam of charged particles is obtained wherein the particle composition can be all the same or a homogeneous mixture of different particles depending on the choice of electrode materials.

Abstract: In a grating structure for use in a Fourier spectrometer with a series of raised and recessed surfaces of optical quality, a plurality of binary lamellar gratings are provided which have distinct height differences and are arranged on different surface areas to provide a suitable diffractive-optical element.

Abstract: In a magnetic system for gyrotrons, a permanent magnet arrangement is provided including a central radially polarized magnet, and axially polarized annular magnets disposed at opposite end faces of the central magnet and indirect contact therewith, the magnets are structured in the resonator area to provide a predetermined magnetic field which has its field reversal only in the axial extension of the gyrotron outside the emitter area where it does not affect the electron beam generated by the emitter.

Abstract: In a static micromixer for mixing at least two fluids including a flow guide structure having a longitudinal axis extending in the general flow direction of the fluids through the guide structure, separate fluid admission areas disposed at the entrance end of the flow guide structure and a mixing chamber disposed at the exit end of the flow guide structure, the flow guide structure is formed by foils of a thickness of about 100 .mu.m disposed on top of each other and having parallel grooves extending in one foil from one of the fluid admission areas at an angle with respect to the general fluid flow direction through the flow guide structure to the mixing chamber and in an adjacent foil from another of the fluid admission areas to the mixing chamber such that in the mixing chamber the fluid exits of different foils are disposed adjacent each other, the grooves having a width of less than 250 .mu.m and being spaced from each other by less than 70 .mu.

Abstract: In a modulator for generating high-power electric pulses to a load which modulator includes an energy accumulator circuit with an inductive accumulator and a power switch and a load circuit bridging the power switch and including a capacitive energy accumulator and a second switch which is controlled so as to be always in a state complementary to the state of the power switch such that, during a pulse, the two accumulators are arranged in series, and a current source which is arranged in parallel with the capacitive energy accumulator with a predetermined polarity up to an adjustable voltage whereby the initial conditions for the electrical pulse to be generated are determined.

Abstract: In a gas sensor for sensing reducing or oxidizing gases which comprises a semiconductive metal oxide film, there are provided stripe-like outer electrodes which define therebetween a continuous surface area and stripe-like inner electrodes which extend between, and parallel to, the outer electrodes so as to divide the continuous surface area into longitudinal segments which have different properties with respect to reducing or oxidizing gases such that different conductivity changes are generated for the different segments upon exposure to oxidizing or reducing gases.

Abstract: In a micromembrane pump with pump housing top and bottom parts and a membrane structure disposed between the housing top and bottom parts such that pump chambers, valves, flow channels and a cavity system are formed between the membrane structure and the housing parts, heating means are disposed on the membrane structure in the area of the pump housing for operating said pump and the cavity system is filled with a cement for joining the membrane and the housing parts.

Abstract: In a micro diaphragm pump which has a pump body consisting of two parts, one part including two valve chambers with a pump chamber disposed therebetween and in communication with the valve chambers by passages, a diaphragm extends across and closes the chambers and forms, in the areas of the valve chambers, valve membranes for inlet and outlet valves which are integrally formed, both on one side of the diaphragm, both pump body parts being sealingly connected to the diaphragm.

Abstract: In a gyrotron comprising a cathode with an emitter ring, an accelerating anode, a resonator, a collector, and an uncoupling conduit, an arrangement is disposed around the resonator which generates a solenoidal static axial magnetic constant field which, in the area of the resonator, assumes a predetermined wave form causing the electrons emitted from the cathode to move along a spiral path and which has varying localized strengths such that the electrons passing therethrough along the spiral path have, upon exiting the resonator area, only an insignificant transverse velocity component left, whereupon they are attracted by the collector which is precharged.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing frame-mounted membranes, a first membrane layer is formed on a substrate and openings are formed in this membrane layer which are then covered by a second membrane layer, a frame structure is formed on the membrane layers around the openings and the membrane layers with the frame structure are separated from the substrate to provide the frame-mounted membranes.

Abstract: In a suturing instrument for remote suturing of the edges of tissue wherein a stationary and a pivotal jaw are arranged at the distal end of an instrument shaft and a suturing wire guide channel extends through the instrument shaft for supplying a suturing wire from the instrument's proximal end to the stationary jaw and wherein an outer tube is movably disposed on the instrument shaft for engaging the pivotal jaw to move it toward and from the stationary jaw and hold the jaws in an operating position in which they are arranged parallel to one another, the jaws have spaced wire guide grooves with groove bases defining, in the operating position of the jaws, a screw line which is followed by the suturing wire when it is advanced by advancing means operated by a handle disposed at the proximal end of the suturing instrument.