Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for the uniform and simultaneous illumination by means of radiation of the interior surfaces of cavities for the purpose of observation and/or irradiation. In particular, such cavities may be not only hollow organ cavities, but also cavities in non-organic objects. The solution provides that the interior of the cavities is filled, at least in part, with a light scattering or dispersing medium and the dispersing medium is caused to shine or scatter light by means of one or a plurality of radiations or scattered light. With the integral irradiation used according to the present invention, two procedures are combined technologically, namely diagnosis and therapy of, for example, carcinoma in organ cavities which have been photosensitized by chemical substances, possibly on the basis of differences in decomposition of cancerous and normal tissue.

Abstract: Method for one-time or continuous nondestructive determination of the penetration and leaching process of conductive phases in materials, wherein the conductivity of the material to be examined is measured in thin superposed layers in that, after applying voltage to pairs of oppositely disposed conductor paths associated with these layers, the current flow through separate layers of the material is measured and an increase of the current in increasingly deep layers indicates the advance of the front of the penetrating phase.

Abstract: Arrangement for measuring the fluorescence polarization of cells or particles which are aligned individually along a flow stream illuminated by means of an illumination field wherein the cells are passed in succession through two light beams so as to excite fluorescence; the directions of polarization of the two excitation beams are perpendicular to one another; a pair of detector channels are provided to successively record the two polarization components of the fluorescence at both points of excitation; and an analysis system is provided which calculates the corrected degree of fluorescence for the individual cells from the measured values provided by the detector channels.

Abstract: A process for separating and collecting iodine from a liquid phase comprising adding an acid is to the liquid phase, and then conducting the liquid phase through an activated carbon filter.

Abstract: In an ultrasonic diagnosis device composed of ultrasonic optical elements arranged to be disposed in a mass of fluid in a container together with the object to be examined in order to image the object in an image plane, a source of incoherent sound radiation for irradiating the object, a condenser lens, an imaging objective and an acoustic energy detector system, the incoherent sound radiation source is composed of a turbulence chamber containing a plurality of particles arranged to move essentially randomly relative to one another, and at least one ultrasonic transmitter for irradiating the particles in the turbulence chamber with coherent ultrasound; the imaging objective is composed of at least two individual lenses of homogeneous material which are arranged in symmetry to one another and each having lens face which faces the other lens and which has an aspherical shape; and the detector system is composed of a linear array of detectors for converting the resulting ultrasound image of the object into elect

Abstract: A measuring head 1 which contains in a shielding housing 3 a measuring chamber 5 with a surface barrier-layer detector 9 is provided for measuring the noble gas activity concentration and the aerosol activity concentration. The gas whose activity concentration is to be measured is compressed and introduced into the measuring chamber 5. Due to the pressure increase of the gas, the volume of the measuring chamber 5 and, therefore, the weight of the shielding housing 3 can be reduced.

Abstract: Panoramic detector of ions spatially distributed in different beams, comprising a plane symmetry diaphragm having an opening permitting the passage of the beams and which is brought to earth potential, an electrode for converting ions into electrons having an opening facing the diaphragm opening, the conversion electrode having the same plane of plane symmetry and being brought to a negative potential relative to the earth potential, and a planar electrode facing the conversion electrode and brought to a positive potential relative to the potential of the conversion electrode, the face of the conversion electrode facing the planar electrode having a predetermined shape in such a way that the electron beams formed retain the same spatial distribution as the beams of ion to be detected in the presence of an applied magnetic field.

Abstract: In an ultrasonic wave transmitter for generating spatially incoherent ultrasonic radiation, which transmitter includes a source of ultrasonic acoustic radiation, there are provided a member holding a fluid medium in a region exposed to the acoustic radiation, a plurality of particles immersed in the medium and having a diameter of the order of magnitude of the wavelength of the acoustic radiation and an acoustic radiation impedance different from that of the medium, and a device for subjecting the particles to an irregular movement in the medium and within the region.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the deposition of particles in the respiratory tract and/or for checking the operating function of the respiratory tract by means of pulses of gases or aerosols injected into a stream of air inhaled by a test patient and by obtaining a measuring signal in each of the inhaled and exhaled streams. The main stream of the inhaled and exhaled air is conducted directly through a band of light (3), and the region of the intersection of the band of light with at least part of the inhaled and exhaled streams is placed in the object plane of an optical image system for a light measuring device. Either the individual pulses generated by the individual particles in the inhaled and exhaled streams or the scattered radiation emanating from the gases and aerosols in these streams is measured to obtain the ratio of the exhaled to the inhaled numbers of particles and/or the concentration profile in the inhaled and exhaled streams.

Abstract: A method for studying a fluid by forming a stream of the fluid, exciting the stream by causing a laser beam to impinge thereon to produce secondary particles or quanta, and subjecting the resulting secondary particles or quanta to an analysis operation in an analyzer.

Abstract: In apparatus for measuring reaction and/or diffusion of particles suspended in a fluid, which apparatus includes a supply tube for supplying a stream of the particle-containing fluid, a tapered tube surrounding the supply tube for providing a first entraining fluid stream and for encasing the particle-containing fluid in the first entraining fluid stream for the purpose of hydrodynamically focusing the particle-containing stream into a thin stream enclosed by the first fluid and in which the particles are separated from one another, an outlet for passage of the thin stream and first fluid stream after leaving the tube, a device producing a radiation beam which intersects the thin particle-containing stream, a detector disposed for detecting the radiation emanating from the separated particles, and a pulse evaluation circuit connected to the detector, there is provided a further tube surrounding the supply tube and forming a further entraining fluid stream concentric with the particle-containing stream and the

Abstract: An apparatus for hydrodynamically focusing particles to permit counting and classification of the particles, which apparatus includes a flow nozzle terminating in a capillary nozzle that forms a thin stream containing the particles and having a circular cross section with the particles oriented along one axis of the thin stream, and a jacket pipe enclosing the capillary nozzle for providing an entraining stream for the thin stream of particles leaving the capillary nozzle, is further provided with a further flow nozzle located downstream of the capillary nozzle and presenting a circular cross section for receiving the stream leaving the capillary nozzle, and changing its cross section from circular to rectangular such that the stream exits from the further nozzle with a rectangular cross section, a device directing a laser beam normally to one flat side of the rectangular cross section at a location downstream of the further nozzle, and a radiation detector disposed for detecting radiation resulting from impi

Abstract: A final depository located underground for storing radioactive wastes contained in storable shielded containers, composed of at least one shaft extending downwardly from the ground surface, an underground passage, a radioactive waste storage region located above the underground passage, and a connecting passage connecting the storage region with the shaft or the underground passage.

Abstract: Mass spectrograph comprising an ion source, means for analyzing the ions emitted by this source and a panoramic ion detector, wherein the analysis means are of the type with magnetic separation and measurement of the time of flight and the ion source is a pulsed source.The panoramic ion detector comprises an ion inlet diaphragm, means facing the diaphragm which permit the conversion of ions into electrons, means facing the means for converting the ions into electrons and permitting the conversion of electrons into photons, a photon detector facing the means for converting the electrons into photons and photon guidance means located between the means for converting electrons into photons and the photon detector whereby the photon guidance means have a monoblock structure.

Abstract: A storage arrangement for radioactive waste includes a storage bore hole defined by walls of a rock formation, vessels containing radioactive waste deposited in a vertical series in the storage bore hole and a sealing closure situated in the storage bore hole above the uppermost vessel. The sealing closure is a prefabricated solid body (or several such bodies in a vertical series) closely conforming, along its circumference, to the shaft walls.

Abstract: In apparatus for examining the material of a specimen with local resolution employing an X-ray probe and operating according to the scanning principle, including a source of X-ray radiation, an optical system for directing X-ray radiation from the source onto the specimen, and a detector disposed for detecting radiation appearing behind the specimen, the source is constituted by a target in which the X-ray radiation is generated, and the optical system acts to focus the X-ray radiation emanating from the target onto the specimen in the form of an X-ray probe.

Abstract: For measuring the speed of movement of one phase in another, and particularly the rate of sedimentation of corpuscles in blood plasma, a container is filled with a blood sample, a light beam is directed through the container and an image of a vertical plane in the container traversed by the beam is formed in a measuring plane, the light intensity at two vertically spaced regions of the measuring plane is measured, the container is moved until a certain light intensity relationship exists between the two regions, indicating that the image of the boundary of the one phase in the other phase is located between the regions, and after a selected time interval the container is raised until the same light intensity relationship is established between the two regions and the distance through which the container has been raised is indicated.

Abstract: For enabling a quasimonochromatic high intensity light beam to be produced by a source having a lamp equipped with a cold light mirror, a heat protection filter in the light beam path and a system for cooling the heat protection filter, the source is further provided with an interference filter and projection optics located in the beam path downstream of the heat protection filter, and the interference filter is disposed in the optics.

Abstract: Radioactive wastes are encased in closed sheaths, the wastes to be solidified with binders and accommodated in barrels and the closed sheath to be resistant to water and aqueous solutions of natural mineral salts and to leaching, by completely surrounding the waste by a synthetic resin layer between the waste and the barrel or around the barrel containing the waste in accordance with specific methods involving applying spacing layers in the areas to be occupied by the resin layer and subsequently filling the spacing layer with a synthetic resin and a solvent.

Abstract: In a method for producing selected mass spectra by directing electromagnetic radiation through an optical system onto sample material for vaporization, destruction, excitation and/ or ionization in the microrange, setting the expanse of the irradiation region of the sample by selection of the energy density of the radiation, and detecting the released particles, the radiation power density is varied for producing mass spectra having respectively different proportions of atom and molecule spectra.