Abstract: Apparatus for measuring fluorescence comprises a metal block having a first recess for a sample mount and a second recess for a beam divider. A receiving bore connects both recesses and extends axially from the metal block. A radiation source and an optical focusing device are provided to introduce radiation into the receiving bore. Two exit bores extend from the recesses at an angle, and reflected or fluorescent radiation emitted by the sample and the beam divider pass through the exit bores. Detectors are at the exit bores to measure the radiation.

Abstract: An ultramicroscopic spectrometer for examining properties of aerosol particles includes a receptacle having a wall defining a measuring chamber; an aerosol jet generating arrangement for forming an aerosol jet from the particles by aerodynamic focusing; a mount supporting the aerosol generating arrangement in the measuring chamber; a first passage in the receptacle wall for passing an incident illuminating beam through the receptacle wall into the measuring chamber; and a second passage in the receptacle wall for passing an information beam respectively an observation beam of the aerosol jet through the receptacle wall from the measuring chamber. The axes of the illuminating beam, the information beam and the aerosol jet intersect in a measuring field.

Abstract: Apparatus for the continuous measurement of increases and decreases in moisture condensation at soil and/or plant surfaces, including a dew measuring probe composed of a sample material, a radiation source disposed underneath the probe and emitting beta particles, and a beta particle detector disposed in alignment with the radiation source and on the opposite side of the probe from the source.

Abstract: Method for determining the total protein content or individual amino acids in flour, cereal flour and/or leguminous products or other substances by means of fluorescence analysis. The proteins and/or the individual amino acids are treated to attain a fluorescent effect or are self-fluorescent. The proteins and/or the individual amino acids are brought into suspension in their unpretreated form. The suspension is then fluorometrically measured by means of vertical transillumination. An apparatus is provided for practicing the method and comprises a primary radiation source for emitting a primary radiation to excite the fluorescent material, optical means for directing the primary radiation in a vertical direction onto the proteins and/or amino acids in suspension, at least one vessel for holding the suspension, through which the primary radiation can pass in a vertical direction, and receiving means and evaluating means for measuring the fluorescent radiation.

Abstract: A raster scanning ion microscope for determining, with a large field of view, the lateral distribution of elements, isotopes and compounds at the surface and in the bulk of solid specimens and for displaying the surface topography of the sample. The scanning ion microscope consists of an ion gun to produce a primary ion beam, a means to focus and raster scan the primary ion beam over the surface of the specimen, a means to form a beam of secondary ions out of all particles sputtered from the specimen, an energy analyzer and a mass spectrometer for secondary ion analysis and a means for optimum transport of the secondary ions from the specimen to the mass spectrometer. Use of a quadrupole mass filter as a mass analyzer reduces restrictions usually faced with magnetic type mass analyzer and allows imaging of the specimen with a large field of view.

Abstract: Apparatus for counting and classifying particles and including a laser for producing a laser beam, a flow nozzle for hydrodynamically focussing a stream of such particles and directing the focussed stream to intersect the laser beam, a focussing system causing the laser beam to have a diameter which, at the point of intersection with the particle stream, is no greater than the width of the particles, and a detector disposed to receive the laser radiation transmitted by the particles as they pass through the laser beam.

Abstract: A method is provided for optimally supplying autotrophic organisms with CO.sub.2 nutrient, the requirement for the nutrient fluctuating in dependence on growth and thus on the incident light, temperature and the density of the organisms. The pH in a culture channel containing the organisms is continuously measured and the introduction of CO.sub.2 into the culture channel is regulated in response to the measured pH. An arrangement is provided for practicing the method and comprises a channel in which a suspension of the organisms can be moved in one direction, at least one discharge means in the channel for introducing the CO.sub.2 gas into suspension, at least one control member connected to the discharge means for controlling the operation of the discharge means, at least one pH measuring means in the channel for immersion into the suspension, and a circuit connecting the pH measuring means and the control member to actuate the control member for introducing the CO.sub.

Abstract: A method is provided for continuously filtering liquids containing microorganisms, macromolecules and/or fine particles of solid matter as substances to be filtered out and collecting the substances that are filtered out. The liquid to be filtered is introduced from the top into an upright sieve basket where the filtrate is separated from the substances to be filtered out. A pressure is exerted on the liquid in the sieve basket by pressing means so that the filtrate leaves the sieve basket and the entire surface of the cake formed from the filtered-out substances always has approximately the same height in the sieve basket. The liquid in the sieve basket is pressed under an increasable counterpressure into the space underneath the pressing means in the sieve basket. When the backpressure of the liquid is higher than the pressure of the pressing means on the liquid, the pressing means is lifted a small distance above the cake in the sieve basket.