Abstract: A method of reducing deposits in a diesel engine, the method comprising combusting in the engine a diesel fuel composition comprising a detergent additive which is not a quaternary ammonium salt or a Mannich reaction product; and a quaternary ammonium salt additive comprising the reaction product of nitrogen containing species having at least one tertiary amine group and a quaternizing agent; wherein the nitrogen containing species is selected from: (i) the reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and a compound comprising at least one tertiary amine group and a primary amine, secondary amine or alcohol group; (ii) a Mannich reaction product comprising a tertiary amine group; and (v) a polyalkylene substituted amine having at least one tertiary amine group.

Abstract: A method of treating a subterranean formation by contacting the formation with the following (a) ammonium bicarbonate; (b) an oxidizing agent selected from a perchlorate or a nitrite or combinations thereof; and (c) an acid (AA).

Abstract: A diesel fuel composition including (a) a quaternary ammonium salt additive; and (b) one or more nitrogen-free detergents; wherein the quaternary ammonium salt additive includes the quaternised reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent and a compound able to react with said acylating agent and which includes a tertiary amine group; wherein each molecule of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent includes on average at least 1.2 succinic acid moieties.

Abstract: A method of cleaning up internal diesel injector deposits in a severely fouled engine, the method including combusting in the engine a diesel fuel composition having (a) a quaternary ammonium salt additive; and (b) one or more further nitrogen-containing detergents; in which the quaternary ammonium salt additive includes the quaternised reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent and a compound able to react with said acylating agent and which includes a tertiary amine group; in which each molecule of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent includes on average at least 1.2 succinic acid moieties.

Abstract: A fuel composition comprising as an additive the reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid having no more than 5 carbon atoms per carboxylic acid group, or an anhydride thereof and an alcohol having at least 5 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method of removing deposits in a direct injection spark ignition engine, the method including combusting in the engine a gasoline fuel composition having a quaternary ammonium salt additive wherein the quaternary ammonium salt additive includes the quaternised reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent and a compound able to react with said acylating agent and which includes a tertiary amine group; in which each molecule of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent includes on average at least 1.2 succinic acid moieties.

Abstract: The use of a nitrate compound and/or a peroxide compound as an additive in a diesel fuel composition to reduce the impact of deposits in the post combustion system of a diesel engine when combusting said diesel fuel composition.

Abstract: A method of cleaning up deposits in an indirect injection diesel engine, the method including combusting in the engine a diesel fuel composition having a quaternary ammonium salt additive; and optionally one or more further nitrogen-containing detergents; wherein the quaternary ammonium salt additive comprises the quaternised reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent and a compound able to react with said acylating agent and which includes a tertiary amine group; wherein each molecule of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent includes on average at least 1.2 succinic acid moieties.

Abstract: A method of assembling and/or operating apparatus for undertaking a chemical reaction. The apparatus includes a housing in which a precursor of a receptacle is arranged. A fluid (F1) may be introduced into said precursor to cause the precursor to inflate.

Abstract: A combination comprising a receptacle of defined internal volume, which contains a chemical reaction product. The product may be made in apparatus for undertaking a chemical reaction which comprises an elongate housing and a receptacle. The elongate housing may include a cooling means and end fittings which may include ports where fluids may be introduced and/or removed.

Abstract: Apparatus for undertaking a chemical reaction includes an elongate housing and a receptacle. The elongate housing may include a cooling means, and end fittings, which may include ports where fluids may be introduced and/or removed. In use of the apparatus, a chemical reaction product is formed within the receptacle. Subsequently the receptacle containing the chemical reaction product is withdrawn from the elongate housing.

Abstract: A concentrate composition comprising: (a) at least 0.1 wt % of a surfactant compound; and (b) at least 10 wt % one or more ingredients selected from aldehydes, succinimidyl esters, chelating agents and amine salts of carboxylic acids.

Abstract: A method of treating a subterranean formation by contacting the formation with the following (a) ammonium bicarbonate; (b) and oxidizing agent selected from a perchlorate or a nitrite or combinations thereof; and (c) an acid (AA).

Abstract: A method of treating a subterranean formation by contacting the formation with the following: (a) ammonium compound; (b) an oxidizing agent selected from a perchlorate or a nitrite or combinations thereof; and (c) sulfamic acid.

Abstract: A method for determining the presence of an acidic sulfide species in a liquid sample of an industrial or environmental material. The method includes the step of contacting the sample or an extract thereof with a composition including a metal complex dye compound in which the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the metal complex dye compound changes upon reaction with an acidic sulfide species.

Abstract: A method of reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, the method comprising combusting in the engine a gasoline composition comprising as an additive a quaternary ammonium compound.

Abstract: A method of reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, the method comprising combusting in the engine a gasoline composition comprising as an additive a quaternary ammonium compound.

Abstract: A method of assembling an apparatus for containing reagents for a chemical reaction. The apparatus includes an elongate housing and a receptacle. The elongate housing may include a cooling means, and end fittings which may include ports where fluids may be introduced and/or removed. Specifically, the method relates to the securement of a receptacle relative to the outwardly facing surface of the housing.

Abstract: A method of assembling and/or operating apparatus for undertaking a chemical reaction. The apparatus includes a housing in which a precursor of a receptacle is arranged. A fluid (F1) may be introduced into said precursor to cause the precursor to inflate.

Abstract: A method of treating a subterranean formation by contacting the formation with the following: (a) an ammonium compound; (b) an oxidizing agent selected from a perchlorate or a nitrite or combinations thereof; and (c) one or more acids, at least one of which is a bisulfate salt.