Abstract: Nesting insects, e.g. lucerne leaf cutter bees and bumble bees, are cultured in artificial nests comprising assemblies of tubes, e.g. waxed paper tubes, packed with open ends located at the open front of a container e.g. an open waxed paper box. In use the insects fill the tubes with accessory nesting materials e.g. leaf cuttings, nectar, pollen, and with eggs and/or brood. The nests or portions thereof down to individual occupied tubes can be overwintered about 4.degree. C. as long into the season as desired and incubated about 25.degree. C. for 21 to 35 days when desired to synchronize insect emergence with expected crop flowering requiring pollination.

Abstract: A liquid smoke concentrate having a 3,4-benzpyrene- and 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene content of less than 0.2 nanograms, having a tar content (calculated as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) below 1 microgram/kg, and a phenolic compounds content (calculated as phenol) of 0.90-1.60 g/l, preferably 1.0-1.4 g/l, and in which the ratio of phenolic compounds content to carbonyl compounds content (calculated as acetone) to total titratable acid content (calculated as acetic acid) is 1:(17.0-47.0):(13.0-40.0), preferably 1:(20.0-37.0):(14.0-34.0).The concentrate is obtained by destructive distillation of cellulosic and/or lignin material, removing fly ashes, and separating two tar fractions by cooling to a temperature between 150.degree.-200.degree. C. and 80-120.degree. C., respectively, non-condensable gases being separated off upon cooling to room temperature. The concentrate may be used in various physical forms as a flavoring agent in foodstuffs and as aromatizing agent.

Abstract: The addition of palm kernel fat or shea stearin to a plastic fat-based material containing butter fat improves its whipping and creaming properties compared to butter. In particular the creaming time to achieve a desired specific volume can be decreased. The material can be either a melange or a margarine.

Abstract: The invention provides novel curable unsaturated polyester compositions comprising an unsaturated polyester, a reactive copolymerizable monomer, a paraffin wax as an evaporation-reducing agent and as an adhesion promotor a compound, containing 10-30 carbon atoms, of the class consisting of alkylaromatic, alkenylaromatic, alkylolaromatic compounds or an alcohol.

Abstract: The invention provides powder coatings based on carboxyl terminated polyester, an epoxy compound and a choline compound of the formula[Y-CH.sub.2 -CH.sub.2 -N--CH.sub.3).sub.3 ].sub.n .sup.+ X.sup.n-in which X is OR or ##STR1## and R is H or a C.sub.1-40 group and X.sup.n- is an anion preferably Y represents OH or a ##STR2## group. The powder coatings are less prone to yellowing and non-toxic.

Abstract: An alkali metal salt of an organic carboxylic acid, i.e. a soap, is prepared by saponifying the corresponding organic carboxylic acid, its ester or mixtures thereof with a concentrated aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide in the presence of an inorganic salt, in a liquid reaction medium comprising acetone, separating the organic salt from the reaction medium and removing excess acetone from the organic salt. The inorganic salt, i.e. soap, so produced is in the form of a dry finely divided powder.

Abstract: Tasteless and odourless blood cell protein isolate and heme are prepared from hemoglobin by converting the hemoglobin into a solid form by dehydration and extracting the heme from the solid product by solvent extraction with an organic solvent, preferably methanol or a methanol/ethanol mixture or a methanol/ethanol/water mixture, in the presence of acid, preferably hydrochloric acid, and recovering the blood cell protein isolate from the extraction residue. The acid may also be added to the hemoglobin before its conversion into the solid form.

Abstract: In an apparatus for the biaxial, simultaneous stretching of a flat film web from particularly polypropylene, the edges of the film web 1 are engaged by grippers 3, which in the stretching zone 9 are driven by divergent threaded spindles 5, and at least part of the stretching in longitudinal direction is effected, by means of a progressive pitch of the threaded spindles, simultaneously with part of the transverse stretching. Subsequent to the progressive pitch a thread with degressive pitch is provided, preferably at the end of the threaded spindles, effecting shrinkage of the previously stretched film web in longitudinal-direction, while preferably simultaneously the film web is further stretched in transverse direction. The shrinking of the film web takes place over about 5 to 10% of the spindle length at up to 10% of the previously produced longitudinal stretching, to the longitudinal stretching degree desired in the finished film.

Abstract: The invention concerns an improvement of sleeves such as sleeves for gramophone records. The sleeves consist of a front and a back panel connected at one edge by a connecting strip, which is in the blank arranged between the two panels, and two other connecting strips extending from one panel and glued to edge zones of the other panel by means of gluing flaps. Gluing flaps and edge zones which are to be glued together in overlapping position are reduced in their thickness so that the seam is as thick as the material of the back panel. Reduction in thickness is achieved preferably by milling off a layer from the cardboard material of the gluing flaps from their outer surfaces as well as of the edge zones at their inner surfaces. The sleeves have panels of equal thickness so that the gramophone records are supported all around their edges and in their middle parts without causing bending when stacked.

Abstract: The invention provides novel water-dispersible air-drying alkyds containing 1.25-3.75% by weight of polyalkylene oxide radicals, in particular polyethylene glycol, and novel aqueous dispersions of these alkyds (alkyd : water from 30:70 to 70:30) which can be worked into water-based paints having a glossy finish.

Abstract: A process for stabilizing an aqueous composition, which contains insoluble components mainly consisting of insoluble protein, insoluble carbohydrates and fats, which tend either to precipitate or to migrate to the surface of the composition, which process comprises incorporating into a dry composition a stabilizing proportion of a casein which has been enzymatically hydrolysed under conditions such that the K-casein moiety has been hydrolysed whereas no peptides having a molecular weight below 10.sup.4 have been formed.

Abstract: A process for the production of fatty acid soaps from sludge, especially sewage sludge, comprises extracting sludge having a solids content of at least 15% by weight with a non-polar solvent to provide an extract containing fatty matter, and subsequently saponifying the fatty matter in the presence of a dipolar aprotic solvent having a dielectric constant of at least 15 to produce fatty acid soaps.

Abstract: A plate heat exchanger has elements through which a medium flows. The elements are two thin metal plates, in at least one of which passages and opposed manifolds connecting the passages are formed by deep drawing. The plates are coated with a sealing adhesive and bonded together. The manifolds extend across the entire length of the elements and are closed at their ends by end closures inserted in the manifolds and sealed to the plates. Distributing conduits running transversely to the plates of the heat exchange elements, are connected to channels provided in the end closures so that the medium can flow from a distributing conduit through an end closure into a deeper shaped manifold and then into the passages and leave the elements in a corresponding manner. Pipes having a cross-shaped cross-section can be inserted in the end closures to serve as distributing conduits and also as tie-rods to hold the elements of the heat exchanger together.

Abstract: A vaccine comprising an antigen selectively adsorbed onto erythrocytes possessing their natural surface characteristics. When the antigen is the K88a,b/adhesion factor of E. coli and the erythrocytes are chicken erythrocytes, the vaccine is especially suitable for reducing the incidence of neonatal diarrhoea in pigs if it is administered parenterally to a sow about three weeks prior to parturition.

Abstract: Thermosetting coating compositions for powder coating processes, having a good powder stability, comprise a mixture of 4-25 wt % of a polyepoxide resin, the average molecule of which contains at least two epoxy groups, and 75-96 wt % of a solid modified polyester resin having an acid number of 30-100 and softens in the range of 60.degree. C.-130.degree. C. The solid modified polyester resin is the reaction product of an anhydride of a polybasic, organic carboxylic acid and a polyester having a hydroxyl number of 15-50 derived from a dibasic aromatic carboxylic acid and a specific alcohol component.

Abstract: A vaccine comprising an antigen selectively adsorbed onto erythrocytes possessing their natural surface characteristics. When the antigen is the K88a,b/adhesion factor of E. coli and the erythrocytes are chicken erythrocytes, the vaccine is especially suitable for reducing the incidence of neonatal diarrhoea in pigs if it is administered parenterally to a sow about three weeks prior to parturition.

Abstract: A machine for weighing and sorting articles to make up packs of a pre-determined weight with the aid of a computer. The improvement is a particular drive mechanism for feeding the articles to a series of weigh heads and then on therefrom. The drive mechanism splits the motion into two components, preferably simple harmonic motions, one of which is a continuously operating vertical reciprocation and the other is a selectively actuated horizontal reciprocation.

Abstract: A process for de-waxing oil comprises dissolving a polymerized polyol ester blend in a waxy oil, optionally with a solvent or diluent and cooling to crystallize out the wax using acids in the C.sub.8 to C.sub.24 range to form the esters.

Abstract: The invention provides novel polyesters based on 100- 75 equivalent percent of a phthalic acid, 0- 25 equivalent percent of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and 150- 225 equivalent percent of a C.sub.5 - C.sub.12 diol. The polyesters can be admixed with amino resins and an acid catalyst to form a coating composition which can be stoved into a hard tough coating.

Abstract: Curable powder coating resin compositions comprise a small proportion of an alkoxylated polyamine-aldehyde resin and a polyester resin having an acid number below 20, a .[.melting.]. .Iadd.softening .Iaddend.point between 60.degree. and 130.degree. C., the acid component comprising a dibasic armoatic carboxylic acid and the alcohol component comprising diols such as 2,2-di(4-beta-hydroxyethyoxy-phenyl-) propane, certain glycidyl esters and certain dihydric aliphatic alcohols.The curable powder-coating composition is applied to a substrate by a powder-coating process and the coated substrate is heated to a temperature of from 120.degree. to 220.degree. C. for 10 to 60 minutes. .Iadd.