Abstract: Microscope stand for microscopes of conventional open construction, in which the throat facing the observer can also face away from him, especially for light microscopes which are constructed on the modular principle and are used as educational, general-purpose or research microscopes. A great level of insensitivity to vibration is achieved in accordance with the invention in a microscope stand, consisting of a base, a column, a tube holder and feet, by the fact that the column is made to rest on the surface on which the microscope is placed.

Abstract: A wide-angle objective for a picture-taking lens of an aerial mapping camera, consisting of 11 lenses and 14 glass-air surfaces, the first optical element of which after the center aperture on the picture side is a converging fluorspar or fluorspar-like lens. Due to the large refractive index difference between this lens and the following meniscus lens and due to the provision of a triple group of high refractive index on the object side before the center aperture, a high resolution, low residual distortion and minimal lateral chromatic aberration are achieved.

Abstract: A method for the simultaneous analysis of several elements, in which the analyte, after a thermal vaporization, is athermally excited in the same volume by a hollow cathode discharge, assigns a discharge pressure range, in which the atomization temperature increases steadily with pressure, to the "cold" and "hot" hollow cathode discharge. The transition from one range to the other takes place suddenly. The discharge current intensity is increased with increasing atomization temperature.

Abstract: A method for the phase synchronization of step-drive-controlled equipment, in particular of optical modulation devices for multiple-beam spectrophotometers.Starting with the phase comparison of a synchronization signal formed from a sensor signal produced by a fixed phase difference from information signals of the device, the phase relationship of the commutator signals of the stepping motor is controlled with a predetermined reference signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for the graphic representation and analysis of fluorescence signals that can be employed for the analysis of the decay behavior of pulses in fluorometry. The object of providing an arrangement for quantitative fluorometry, with which images of the spatial distribution of the decay behavior in microobjects in the nanosecond range can be generated and displayed, is accomplished by producing the fluorescence pulse, for example by pulsed laser light, and processing the pulse further in its totality or in parts thereof rapidly reacting electronic devices. The fluorescence energy can be deposited in memory elements and be used for the pictorial representation. The object is moved in grid fashion by an electronic control arrangement and the process can be repeated as often as desired.

Abstract: An improved projector for projecting fixed stars in planetaria increases the brightness and the brilliance of the projected sky by using fiber optical light guides. The device comprises at least one light source, one condenser, one star plate or templates and one lens, which projects the star plate template on the planetarium dome. A fiber optical light guide cable, the light-entry end of which faces the condenser and which consists of fiber optical light guides or fiber optical light guide bundles, is provided between the condenser and the associated star plate or template. The other end of the fiber optical light guide cable is split up into fiber optical light guides and/or fiber optical light guide bundles, the light-emergence ends of which are assigned to the locations on the star plate or template which are to be illuminated.

Abstract: An apparatus for the positioning of ends of flexible light-conducting elements with the object of attaining a high position reproducibility of the fiber ends in an effective large-scale production technique, having the object of developing a technical solution so that it can be manufactured with a production technology in accordance with the accuracy requirements, so that a multitude of light-conducting fibers having defined positions are exactly fixedly correlated to defined positions. According to the invention, there are provided to one another essentially parallel thin surface elements which are secured at a distance and form an element package which is divided into two adjacent areas and within each one of the two areas there is provided at least an approximately equal distribution of pierced openings for the light-conducting elements.

Abstract: A method is provided for determining and indicating a supply of film remaining in an aerial photography camera, which results in greater measuring precision and improved indication options. While film is advanced during a film step from a film feed spool through a film advancing device to a film take-up spool, pulse counts are taken by coded discs connected to each of the film feed spool and film advancing device. These pulse counts and the length of film advanced during the film step are then used to determine the total circumference of the film on the film feed spool. The total circumference and film thickness are then used to determine the number of film windings remaining on the film feed spool. Finally, the number of remaining exposures of film and the remaining length of the film are determined from the number of remaining windings and both are indicated at an indicator unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a front lens group for an immersion objective of BD arrangement with high aperture, suitable for a dark field incident illumination of a widefield immersion objective for microscopes. A spherical front lens surface is provided with a totally reflecting aspherical surface section via which the light is guided to the object, and is combined with a suitable epipolar system to produce a widefield immersion objective of even and colorfree illumination. The lens group is forwardly self-contained.

Abstract: An auto-focus system for focusing reflecting objects which are under investigation in a measuring device. The invention comprises a light source for producing an illumination beam for illuminating an object plane of an objective lens to be focused, an imaging beam and a focusing beam, both originating from the illuminated object, means for separating the focusing beam and the imaging beam, the latter producing an image of the object in an image plane which is evaluated, and an amplitude object not visible in the imaging beam. Means are provided to render visible the amplitude object in two detector planes, where resulting counter moving interference patterns are evaluated and used for focusing the objective lens.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for a non-retarded shutter release of a rotary sector shutter, particularly for use in photogrammetrical aerial cameras comprising a computer means which via a control means for rotating the rotary sectors of the shutter sets the latter to a rate of rotations in a manner that the time of photograph sequence is a multiple integer of the time interval between two feasible open times of the shutter. Probable incorrect exposures are eliminated by a variation of the diaphragm setting.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining an optimum development parameter, particularly for use in developing aerial photographs, in which the entire brightness of terrain objects to be imaged is converted into corresponding density values which are used in developing an aerial photograph. The method comprises the steps of detecting a terrain brightness by means of a photodetector array, processing the obtained measuring values in selecting maximum and minimum values, subjecting the latter values to a smoothing operation and determining a relevant gradation value. The gradation value is displayed and/or stored and used in the development of the exposed film material, taking into consideration the respective parameters.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical arrangement for a range-finder having an observation path of beams and a measuring path of beams constituted of an objective and a reflection system arranged in the near-axial room behind and in close contact to the objective. The reflection system is laterally displaced in parallel to the objective axis and has a second reflecting face at right angles to the optical axis and a first reflecting face inclined by 45.degree. relative to the optical axis, the extension of the latter at right angles to the optical axis is smaller than the corresponding extension of the second reflecting face.

Abstract: An arrangement for the automatic adjustment of at least one object, for instance a semiconductor disc and a template vis-a-vis a photoelectric measuring and scanning system, and of two objects in relation to each other in step-wise projection lithography for the manufacture of semiconductor structures.The purpose of this invention is to provide a highly accurate and at the same time quickly adjustable means for the adjustment of two objects, under the selective utilization of the different adjustment marks presently used, based on the thereby influenced light currents as well as their structure.An image of the adjustment marks of both objects is produced by means of an optical reproduction system in the scanning plane of a photoelectric measuring and scanning system, symmetrical to a stationary axis of this system.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement for setting out terrain points and straight lines comprising a tacheometer which emits a measuring beam and detects the same after reflection at a reflector, a means for interrupting the measuring beam which is intended to mark the place of the terrain point to be set out, a target at the same place, displaceable at least at right angles to the measuring beam, and means for indicating the position of the means for interrupting the beam relative to the latter. By virtue of the arrangement the operator setting out the terrain point is able to accomplish the task without the aid of the tacheometer operator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a projection device for star projections in planetaria in which a plurality of star projectors are provided in the wall of a substantially spherical housing in the center of which a light source is arranged. The projector mounts and/or the condenser lenses of the projectors preferably are polyhedrons. The sides of the polygonal condenser lenses have bevel edges via which they are contacting neighboring condenser, lens sides so that substantially no light losses are involved.

Abstract: A measuring system includes a tachymeter station and a reflector or evaluating station. The tachymeter station is provided with an electronic tachymeter, along with a calculating or computing device and a portable radio transmitter, for transmitting data processed by the calculator in accordance with measurement data from the tachymeter. The transmission of information is in the form of pulse width modulation. The reflector or evaluating station includes a radio receiver having a pulse demodulator, and a display unit for displaying coordinate positions in accordance with received data.

Abstract: The invention relates to a planet projecting system for simulating the motions of planets and in particular for visualizing the rotations and the phase changes of the Earth. The planet projecting system comprises two cylindrical image mounts which rotate independently of each other, the curved surface of one cylindrical mount is provided with an image of the planet, the curved surface of the other cylindrical mount carries an image of clouds. Two illumination systems illuminate the two image mounts and via respective means the images are projected upon the dome of a planetarium. The spheric shape of a planet is effected by a distortion optical system inserted into the projection beam.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with an arrangement for measuring the mobility of image points of a video image, particularly for the evaluation of the electrophoretic mobility of particles. The arrangement simultaneously evaluates an entire image contents of a plurality of image points without the necessity of subjectively preselecting individual image points.The digitilized image signal of the video image is logical combined with the line and column scanning signals of the video image in a logic matrix and the obtained signals are fed into a computer via a time storage. The scanning signals are derived from a pulse generator and from the image synchronizing and line synchronizing signals. The logic combination of the signals also includes a direction selection member for programming the evaluation direction of the image points.

Abstract: The invention is in concern of an arrangement for producing artificial rainbows, particularly for use in planetaria, in which a bundle of light emitted from a light source and directed through an aperture upon a prism is dispersed by the latter and reflected at a cylindrical reflector. Due to the reflection at the cylindrical reflector the projected light bundle is of a rainbow shape, the radius thereof depends on the position of the cylindrical reflector relative to the prism.