Abstract: The oxygen content in a continuous casting mold atmosphere may be minimized by use of a gas shroud with tubular members having the following area relationship: ##EQU1##

Abstract: The temperature of a metal surface is measured by positioning a radiation detector so that the angle between its optical axis and a line normal to the surface is equal to the principal angle of incidence of the radiation emitted by the surface and interposing a polarizer between surface and radiation detector adjusted to pass only radiation polarized parallel to the plane of emittance. In this way the effects of emissivity variations of the surface are greatly reduced.

Abstract: The inclusion of small interrelated amounts of zirconium and columbium to ferritic stainless steels results in a stabilized steel having good pitting corrosion resistance and good ductility.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are provided for depositing a coating of uniform thickness across a substrate coated by a vapor-deposition process, for confining and directing the vapor to the substrate in a manner to minimize vapor loss, and for conveniently collecting vapor which bypasses the substrate. A pair of opposed adjustable barrier plates extend transverse to walls defining the path from a vapor source. Means feed a substrate strip in the plane of and between said plates. Condenser rolls overlie the space between corresponding edges of said plates and strip. Means recover coating material condensed into said rolls. Additional means associated with the underside of said strip, disposed transverse to the plate means and external to said walls, further inhibit vapor loss.

Abstract: Desulfurization of molten ferrous metals such as pig iron is facilitated through the injection of a particulate fluidized mixture of non-oxidizing material and magnesium-containing reactive material by in-line mixing in a conveying line and consequent sub-surface injection. The amount of the contained magnesium, injection time, and contained magnesium injection rate are controlled to maximize process efficiency.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are provided for depositing a coating of uniform thickness across a substrate coated by a vapor-deposition process, for confining and directing the vapor to the substrate in a manner to minimize vapor loss, and for conveniently collecting vapor which bypasses the substrate.

Abstract: Apparatus for the ultrasonic pulse-echo inspection of moving metal strip having a defect signal gate and a backwall signal gate adjusted to provide a backwall signal gate interval of fixed width and a fixed delay between the closing of the defect signal gate and the opening of the backwall signal gate is provided with means for automatically varying the time of closing the defect signal gate in response to changes in the relative position in time of the backwall signal with respect to the backwall signal gate interval so as to keep that gate interval in coincidence with the backwall signal.

Abstract: The incidence of rare earth oxy-sulfide inclusions in killed hot-rolled high strength low alloy steels of the vanadium-nitrogen type is lowered through restriction of the silicon content to 0.05% maximum without a concurrent reduction of yield strength to values below 80,000 p.s.i. through a balance of composition, product thickness and hot-rolling collection temperature.

Abstract: An improved shrounding apparatus for providing a protective gaseous atmosphere around a liquid stream during its transfer between containers is characterized by a releasable shroud head and a positioning system that includes at least two pivot members. The device is specially suitable for use in the continuous casting of liquid metals such as steel.

Abstract: Liquid materials are dispensed at a low velocity through the use of a multi-chambered tundish which induces a dampening effect upon the flow of the liquid material which passes through the tundish. The tundish is well suited as a liquid metal source in continuous strip casting methods.

Abstract: Total bath oxygen content and silicon input are controlled during a steelmaking process so that a cast and subsequently wrought product is characterized by being virtually free of elongated sulfide and silicate inclusions. Bendability properties of the wrought product are enhanced thereby.

Abstract: Fully killed high-strength low-alloy steels consisting essentially of .06% to .20% carbon, .50% to 1.4% manganese, .01% to .08% columbium or .04% to .12% vanadium, .05% maximum silicon, .04% maximum sulfur, .04% maximum phosphorus and an inclusion shape-control agent comprising either .06% to .20% zirconium, 0.1% to .10% of a rare earth or .01% to .10% mischmetal are characterized in a hot-rolled finished condition by yield strengths in excess of 45,000 p.s.i., ultimate tensile strengths in excess of 60,000 p.s.i., ductilities as measured by percent elongation (2 inches) in excess of 20%, good toughness, superior formability and reduced directionality. The steels are hot-rolled finished in the temperature range 1550.degree. F. to 1650.degree. F., cooled at a rate within the range 20.degree. F. to 135.degree. F. per second and collected by coiling or piling within a temperature range of 1025.degree. F. to 1175.degree. F.

Abstract: Fully killed high-strength plain carbon steels consisting essentially of 0.06% to .20% carbon, .4% to 1.2% manganese, .005% to .3% silicon, .04% maximum sulfur, .04% maximum phosphorus, an inclusion shape control agent comprising .05% to .20% zirconium, or .01% to .10% of rare earths or .01% to .10% mischmetal, balance iron are characterized in a hot-rolled finished condition by a yield strength in excess of 35,000 p.s.i., an ultimate tensile strength in excess of 55,000 p.s.i., ductility as measured by percent elongation (2 inches) in excess of 30%, good toughness and superior formability. The steels are hot-rolled finished in the temperature range 1550.degree. F. to 1650.degree. F., cooled at a rate within the temperature range 20.degree. F. to 135.degree. F. per second and collected by coiling or piling within a temperature range of 900.degree. F. to 1200.degree. F., preferably between 1025.degree. F. to 1175.degree. F.

Abstract: Fully killed high-strength low-alloy steels consisting essentially of .12% to .20% carbon, 1.10% to 1.65% manganese, .05% to .20% vanadium, .005% to .025% nitrogen, .04% maximum phosphorus, .025% maximum sulfur, .60% maximum silicon and balance iron are characterized in a hot-rolled finished condition by yield strengths in excess of 80,000 p.s.i., ultimate tensile strengths in excess of 95,000 p.s.i., ductilities as measured by percent elongation (2 inches) in excess of 18% and good toughness. The steels are hot-rolled finished in the temperature range 1550.degree. F. to 1650.degree. F., cooled at a rate within the range 20.degree. F. to 135.degree. F. per second and collected by coiling or piling within a temperature range of 1025.degree. F. to 1175.degree. F. The steels modified by the incorporation of .01% to .10% of a rare earth are further characterized by improved formability.