Abstract: Molecular hydrogen is caused to flow past a hot filament and then past an article having surfaces which are to be cleaned located in a vacuum chamber, at a pressure such that the mean free path of hydrogen molecules is less than the minimum space between the surfaces to be cleaned and the walls of the container. Some of the hydrogen molecules are converted by the hot filament into hydrogen atoms, which react with contaminants on the surface to be cleaned to form products that can be removed by the flow of gas. Other devices can be used for dissociating hydrogen flowing into the chamber into hydrogen atoms and/or ions. Cleaning is effective even on surfaces facing away from the location where the hydrogen atoms are formed.

Abstract: A process for the most uniformly possible illumination of a surface by a limated beam of rays with arbitrary distribution of the beam intensities.An equalization in intensity is achieved in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the beam in that, in the parallel beam path extending perpendicular to the beam direction a generally planoconvex beveled or faceted lens with congruent square or hexagonal surface elements is interposed at a distance from the surface which is to be illuminated corresponding to the focusing distance.

Abstract: Combustion air preheated to 550.degree. C. is forced into a suspension of wdered coal in water preheated to 100.degree. C. in a portion of a burner upstream of the burner orifice. Air passes into the preheated suspension through a porous wall separating the end portion of the air duct from the suspension duct, and its heat content is sufficient to vaporize the water of the suspension, while the amount of air flow is such as to provide approximately stoichiometric proportions of coal and air. Preheating is done by recuperators, through which the combustion product gases from the furnace flow before being discharged at a temperature low enough for evaporating condensed water.

Abstract: The economy of production of hydrogen and sulfuric acid in a three chamber lectrolysis cell in which an electrolyte flows through the intermediate chamber (11) which is bounded by ion exchanger membranes (9,10) can be improved by the provision of a porus supporting framework or skeleton (12) of graphite or of ion exchanger material against which the separators with the electrodes (7, 8) on them, can be pressed. The overall internal resistance of the cell can thus be reduced and its mechanical behavior improved. Substantial through passage porosity is desired in the supporting structure, which may be of graphite, but porous aggregates of ion exchanger material with fixedly applied or welded on separators in the form of stacked layers or rolled mats, are preferred for the relative simplicity of their provision in practice.

Abstract: An accelerating grid particularly for an ion beam, consisting of at least e orifice plate which is fastened along an elastic outer rim thereof to a support. The orifice plate or plates includes a plurality of through-holes with mutually oriented central axes, preferably directed towards a common focusing point. A plurality of slots in the elastic outer rim maintain the alignment of the orifice plate center relative to the focus point during heat-induced expansion of the plate.

Abstract: Method of and apparatus for concentration of trace material from large voes of water. Carrier bodies having a lower density than that of water are introduced into a water layer, especially a natural sea current or stream; these carrier bodies are collected again after an automatic traversal of the sea flow or water layer under conditions determined by density differing from that of water. The carrier bodies are loaded and charged by depositing or accumulation of trace material, e.g. uranium concentration, on the carrier bodies. The carrier bodies are then conveyed to a further treatment location for isolating the accumulated and concentrated trace material. The carrier bodies are then again discharged into the flow or stream after being depleted.

Abstract: A significant improvement of the silicon impregnation depth of a carbon precursor body in the siliconizing thereof to make a silicon carbide body is obtained, as well as an accelerated conversion into silicon carbide if activated carbon is used in whole or in part as the carbon powder component of the precursor body. The molding material is preferably 20 to 60% by weight of binder and 20 to 70% activated carbon. This molding material may also usefully contain 10 to 60% by weight of .alpha.-silicon carbide, which may be previously made by siliconizing carbon powder.

Abstract: Purification of liquid agricultural wastes, such as, in particular, liquid anure, by means of an algae/bacteria mixture culture and a subsequent rotifer culture in a separate stage. The pH-value of the algae/bacteria mixture culture is controlled, especially by the waste water charging thereof, in such a way that a multiplication of rotifers in this stage is inhibited or precluded. The algae/bacteria mixture culture preferably occurs in shallow open air ponds for a period of time which depends upon the temperature and can amount to three to six days at a mean temperature of approximately 18.degree. C. The hold time of the algae/bacteria suspension which is in the rotifer container and is adjusted to a pH of 6 to 8 can range from two to four days at a temperature of approximately 20.degree. C. A waste water treatment plant or system for the foregoing includes at least one algae/bacteria mixture culture reservior and at least one rotifer reactor.

Abstract: Tubular or rod shaped pieces of a filter material having a holding-back capability with respect to the contaminant are arranged in the interior of a containing cylinder through which the gas flows, so as to provide passages for gas flow along the surface of the filter material pieces, the latter being typically disposed with their long dimension parallel to the direction of gas flow. For a prescribed pressure loss through the filter, a maximum value should be obtained for a quantity that is equal to the filter length in the direction of gas flow times the second Stanton number divided by the hydraulic diameter, the latter term being equal to four times the volume of the space in the cylinder not occupied by the filter material divided by the surface of the filter material in contact with the gas. The second Stanton number is the quotient of the material transfer coefficient and the flow velocity of the gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method involving enzymatic catalyzed chemical reactions with substrates dissolved in an aqueous solution by means of enzymes. Membrane vesicles, loaded with the enzymes, are placed into the aqueous solution. The substrates move into the membrane vesicles where they are decomposed by means of the enzymes trapped in the vesicles. The substances produced by decomposition move out of the vesicles into the aqueous solution. Finally the decomposed substances are separated from the aqueous solution.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for recovering raw material, especially uranium, f natural waters, especially from the sea. Carrier bodies capable of sinking are permitted to pass, in a free fall, through a layer of water, especially a natural sea current or stream, by concentration on the carrier bodies, which are collected at an appropriate depth and are then conveyed from there for further treatment. Carrier bodies of inert material are used having a protected outer surface with a thin layer, capable of being concentrated, coated thereon. The distance of falling amounts to approximately 100 meters. The apparatus for carrying out the method includes a carrier body discharge located below water level. One end of a carrier body path has a collection device for collecting carrier bodies and is directed toward the conveyor path. The apparatus also has a conveying device operating especially hydraulically according to the principle of communicating pipes.

Abstract: A heatable cell for photoacoustic tests. The cell includes a specimen chamber which is connected with the microphone chamber of a detector microphone, and is provided with a specimen receiving portion and light admission window located across therefrom. A recess is located in the chamber closure and serves as the specimen receiving portion. The sealing surface of the chamber closure is sealingly pressed against a sealing surface of the chamber. At least one heating winding is provided on the chamber and/or on the chamber closure, and a thin-wall connecting tube having poor heat conducting characteristics is provided between the specimen chamber and the microphone chamber, which is arranged lower than the specimen chamber to prevent convection.

Abstract: A magnetic suspension system, especially for a rotor, comprises a stator having two axially spaced permanent magnets which are poled the same as a pair of spaced-apart permanent magnets on the rotor so that a repulsion field suspends the rotor within the stator. A magnetic coil surrounds the rotor and is disposed between the pole pieces of the stator substantially bridging the gap between them and the permanent magnets of the stator and the rotor repel each other in the axial direction. A contactless field sensor responds to the axial position of the rotor and controls the energization of the magnetic coil to stabilize the axial position of the rotor by augmenting or decreasing the net axial forces generated by the magnetic fields in the axial direction.

Abstract: A diaphragm of porous sinter material for alkaline water electrolysis characterized by a porous sinter metal oxidized at least partially to metal oxide. A frame structure of the sinter body is provided especially wire net. The base metal of the sinter body is formed by nickel, iron or copper. The method includes forming a porous metal sinter body and oxidizing the same at elevated temperature in oxygen-containing atmosphere. The method for production of nickel oxide diaphragms furthermore includes applying to a nickel net a pasty mass of nickel powder containing a binder and burning. Applying in a thin layer as by brushing nickel powder of a particle size of about 1 to 10 mm in a rubber solution in toluene upon a carrier, especially a nickel net, and this arrangement is subjected to sintering at 700.degree. to 1,000.degree. C. for a time or duration of 10 to 20 minutes in inert or reducing atmosphere especially in hydrogen and the sinter body which is obtained is subjected to roasting in air at 1000.degree.

Abstract: An after-heat removal system for a nuclear reactor, especially a gas-cooled uclear reactor in which the core is formed by a pile of spherical nuclear fuel elements, comprises an outlet in the side reflector of the reactor core which is connected to an after-heat removal system and draws the hot gases from a location within the pile, the return line from the after-heat removal system opening into the main cooling gas inlet.

Abstract: A method of controlling the reactivity of a gas-cooled core reactor the core of which consists of a pile of poured balls of equal diameter of fuel material which are withdrawn from the pile in downward direction and, if desired, are again added from above in conformity with the extent to which the pile of fuel balls has burned off. The method is characterized primarily in that balls which consist of absorbing material and have a diameter shorter than the diameter D of the balls of fuel material are introduced into the poured pile, the diameter d.sub.A of the balls of absorbing material being d.sub.Z .ltoreq.d.sub.A .ltoreq.d.sub.z +xd, preferably d.sub.Z <d.sub.A <d.sub.Z <+xd.sub.Z if d.sub.Z = D(2.sqroot.3-1) and representing the diameter of the maximum possible ball which can be placed in the densest ball packing between three interengaging balls of fuel material, and when d.sub.Z +xd.sub.Z =D(.sqroot.2-1).

Abstract: A process and arrangement for the continual zonal heating or cooling of perably elongate treatment members within at least one zone extending perpendicular or transverse to the longitudinal axis, which programmatically traverses the treatment member in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A target arrangement for spallation-neutron-sources, according to which tet material is continuously present at the point of incidence of a proton beam. The target material is arranged at the periphery of a rotary wheel which is internally cooled.

Abstract: A porous oxide diaphragm for alkaline electrolysis, in particular water etrolysis, consisting of an in situ oxidized metal powder layer applied onto a permeable framework-forming carrier without heat treatment before oxidation, as well as a process for the manufacture thereof and its utilization.

Abstract: A method and adsorption medium for isolating and purifying enzymes from a crude enzyme solution of animal organs or tissues. An adsorption medium for bringing about the binding of a predetermined enzyme is introduced into the crude enzyme solution and is left therein until the binding takes place, whereupon the adsorption medium is removed from the crude enzyme solution and the enzyme is separated from the adsorption medium by extraction or elution with a suitable solution. The adsorption medium is in the form of membranes of human or animal erythrocytes which have been hemolyzed by osmosis. Those enzymes which have the same or nearly the same affinity as regards binding on the membranes as does the predetermined enzyme which is to be bound are separated from the membranes prior to introducing the membranes into the crude enzyme solution. The amount of the enzymes first removed that is bound being less than the amount of erythrocytes used to form the membranes.