Abstract: A process is provided for preparing concentrated aqueous solutions of byproduct nitrate compounds from dilute aqueous streams containing said byproduct nitrate compounds, calcium ions and anionic species capable of reaction therewith at elevated temperatures. The process provides for the removal of the calcium ions by the addition of a source of carbonate ions to said stream to form solid, particulated calcium carbonate therein, the separation of the solid particulate from the stream, the neutralization of the stream and concentration of the stream to provide a concentrated aqueous solution containing the byproduct nitrate compound.

Abstract: There are provided titanium dioxide pigments characterized by improved gloss developing and dispersibility properties in surface coating vehicles and reduced tendencies to adsorb moisture. Said titanium dioxide pigments comprise pigmentary titanium dioxide particles having deposited thereon a treating agent comprising at least one amine salt of a polyprotic acid having pK.sub.a1 value greater than about 2.5 and a water solubility at 20.degree. C. of at least 2.0 weight percent and an alkanolamine having a pK.sub.b1 greater than about 4.4.

Abstract: A method for substantially removing both alkaline earth metal cations and dissolved acidic gases from a water source contaminated therewith to produce a substantially nonscaling and noncorroding water supply therefrom. The method includes contacting the contaminated water source with an ion exchange resin to substantially remove the metal cation contaminants contained therein and produce a demineralized intermediate effluent having a pH of less than about 3.5. The demineralized intermediate effluent then is stripped of the acidic gas contaminants dissolved therein and the pH of the stripped effluent adjusted to a value in the range of from about 9.0 to about 10.0.

Abstract: The present invention contemplates a process for reducing the gaseous sulfur dioxide content of flue gases by either or both preheating coal prior to burning the preheated coal and controlling the combustion temperature level to control the amount of sulfur being converted to sulfates and remaining in the ash residue.

Abstract: The present invention relates to titanium base alloy compositions having substantially improved resistance to corrosion in mineral acid environments and to structures fabricated therefrom. More particularly, the present invention relates to titanium base alloy compositions containing iron and copper in certain specified amounts, the remainder being substantially all titanium apart from incidental impurities therein and to anode structures fabricated therefrom for use in the electrolytic manufacture of battery grade manganese dioxide.

Abstract: A method for sequentially co-processing heavy hydrocarbon materials and carbonaceous materials comprising first subjecting the heavy hydrocarbon material in the presence of a disposable metal catalyst to produce and separate therefrom a first distillate stream and a first non-distillable effluent stream containing the disposable metal catalyst. The first non-distillable effluent stream then is mixed with the carbonaceous material and the mixture subjected to liquefaction conditions in the presence of said disposable metal catalyst. The liquefaction product then is subjected through the use of sequential fractionation and critical solvent extraction processing steps to separate and recover various heavy hydrocarbon and carbonaceous-derived light hydrocarbon liquid products therefrom.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for substantially reducing the concentration of coal tar based contaminants in waste water streams. The method comprises first forming an intimate mixture of the waste water stream to be treated with at least one coal tar based extractant. The intimate mixture then is subjected to an extraction temperature sufficient to reduce the concentration of the contaminant in the waste water stream to its equilibrium concentration as the extraction temperature employed. Finally, the mixture is separated and a treated waste water stream recovered which is characterized by a substantially reduced and constant concentration of the contaminants and a substantially reduced biological demand.

Abstract: The present invention provides for boron-containing wood preserving solutions and a method for their preparation. The wood preserving solutions of the invention are noncrystallizable at ambient temperatures and are prepared from a dispersion of a particulated sodium tetraborate, phosphoric acid and water by heating the dispersion at elevated temperatures and for a period of time sufficient to provide a clear solution. The particulated sodium tetraborate and phosphoric are present in the dispersion in a specific molar ratio of 5:3, said ratio being critical to achieving the noncrystallizable characteristic of the wood preserving solutions of the invention.

Abstract: A process for reducing the sulfur oxide content of flue gases produced by combustion of sulfur-containing coal containing cations of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or both, in ion exchangeable form. Flue gases containing sulfur oxides are recycled to contact coal awaiting combustion. Sulfur oxides are absorbed on the coal during the contact step, which is conducted in the presence of water. Sulfur oxides react with alkali and alkaline earth metal cations, and are oxidized to form sulfate reaction products. When the treated coal is burned, these sulfate reaction products are retained in the coal ash.

Abstract: A pulse accumulator network for receiving a plurality of pulse trains wherein each pulse train includes a plurality of pulses. The pulse accumulator network accumulates the pulses in each of the received pulse trains and the pulse accumulator network outputs each of the accumulated count of pulses in response to receiving polling signals. The pulse accumulator network is adapted to be utilized in a flow monitoring system, for example, wherein the pulse trains are flow signals indicative of the velocity of the fluid flowing through one of the monitored flowlines.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved process for drying and preserving wood products. The improved process comprises the steps of first drying the wood products by submerging them in a naphthalene poor, coal tar based heat transfer medium under conditions of elevated temperature and reduced pressure. The dried wood products then are impregnated with a naphthalene rich, coal tar based wood preservative agent by submerging said dried wood products in said agent under conditions of both elevated temperature and pressure.

Abstract: A nozzle and a method for spraying a liquid into a vessel opening through such a nozzle wherein the nozzle includes a casing assembly and a core. The casing assembly has a casing opening which extends through the upper end of the casing assembly and extends a distance through the casing assembly and a discharge nozzle opening formed through a central portion of the lower end of the casing assembly. The core has an upper and a lower end and an outer peripheral surface and the core is disposed and supported within the casing opening generally between the upper and the lower ends of the casing and spaced a distance above the discharge nozzle opening. The core has swirl openings formed through the core intersecting the upper and the lower ends of the core and being disposed generally near the outer peripheral surface of the core and a central opening formed through a central portion of the core.

Abstract: The present invention relates to improvements in impregnated wood preserving processes utilizing naphthalene containing preservative agents comprising recovering that portion of the naphthalene stripped from the preservative agent during a drying phase in the process and returning said recovered naphthalene portion to the impregnation phase of said process.

Abstract: A method of recovering light organic solvent from a liquid mixture containing the solvent and a process material, such as asphaltenes or coal liquefaction products. The solvent-process material mixture is treated in a solvent separation zone to separate a first vapor phase rich in solvent and a first liquid phase rich in process material. At least a portion of the liquid in the solvent separation zone is transferred to a mixing zone, where the liquid is intimately contacted with steam, under shearing conditions. The steam-liquid phase mixture thus produced is returned to the solvent separation zone and treated to separate a second vapor phase, rich in steam and solvent, and a second liquid phase, rich in process material and substantially depleted of solvent. Solvent is recovered from the first and second vapor phases.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the recovery of a wood preservative chemical from aqueous waste sludges containing said wood preservative chemical in both its liquid and solid phases. The method comprises treating said aqueous waste sludges to effect an initial separation and recovery of the liquid and solid phases, individually. The recovered liquid phase comprises the first liquid phase product stream. The recovered solid phase then is subjected to elevated temperatures sufficient to liquefy the solid phase, said liquefied solid phase comprising the second liquid phase product stream. During the liquefaction of the recovered solid phase, it may be contacted with a quantity of a fresh wood preservative chemical, a portion of a dehydrated first liquid phase product stream or a portion of a dehydrated second liquid phase product stream to prevent the precipitation of any normally solid constituents therein and to enhance the liquefaction of said recovered solid phase.

Abstract: A multi-stage coal liquefaction method in which coal is slurried with a primary light solvent, such as toluene, hexane and/or cyclohexane, and a process-derived primary heavy solvent. The coal-primary solvent slurry is treated under coal-liquefying conditions to form a first feed solution containing coal liquefaction products. The first feed solution is treated by a multi-stage supercritical solvent extraction procedure. The final heavy phase produced by this procedure is mixed with a secondary solvent, such as pentane, to produce a second feed mixture, which is treated in a second multi-stage supercritical solvent extraction procedure. Heavy phases recovered from the separate stages of both solvent extraction procedures are blended to provide a recycled primary heavy solvent.

Abstract: A process for reducing the sulfur oxide content of flue gases produced by combustion of sulfur-containing coal containing cations of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, or both, in ion exchangeable form. Flue gases containing sulfur oxides are recycled to contact coal awaiting combustion. Sulfur oxides are adsorbed on the coal during the contact step, react with alkali metal and alkaline earth metal cations, and are oxidized to form sulfate reaction products. When the treated coal is burned, these reaction products are retained in the coal ash.

Abstract: A method for loading particles, such as coal, into a plurality of railroad cars wherein a control weight of a railroad car loaded with particles is established. Each of the railroad cars is weighed prior to loading particles into the railroad car from a weigh bin to determine an unfilled weight of each railroad car and the unfilled weight of each railroad car is compared with the control weight to determine an unfilled differential weight for each railroad car. The particles are loaded into the weigh bin from a surge bin and the surge bin is weighed as the particles are being loaded into the weigh bin from the surge bin so the loading of particles into the weigh bin can be terminated when a weight of particles has been loaded into the weigh bin about equal to and less than the unfilled differential weight associated with the railroad car to be loaded with the unfilled differential weight of particles.

Abstract: A method of liquefying coal in which coal is mixed with a process solvent comprising at least partially hydrogenated coal tar material to produce a coal-solvent slurry. This slurry is treated under coal-liquefying conditions, preferably including a hydrogen atmosphere and elevated temperatures, to produce a solution containing coal liquefaction products. These products are recovered from the solution. Recovered, process-derived solvent material may be recycled in order to supplement the at least partially hydrogenated coal tar material as an ingredient of the process solvent.

Abstract: There is provided a process for preparing caustic soda solutions from naturally occurring alkaline minerals comprising double salts of sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. The process comprises heating said naturally occurring alkaline minerals to temperatures sufficient to dehydrate and partially decarbonate said alkaline minerals and provide an intermediate product of a mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium oxide. This intermediate then is contacted with water to effect causticization of the sodium carbonate and provide a recoverable phase comprising an aqueous solution of caustic soda.