Abstract: A piezoelectric element for incorporation in pressure, force or acceleration transducers, in which at least two piezoelectric flat plates loaded in shear mode are arranged on both sides of a central support and are retained under compressive pre-tension by pressure distribution members bearing externally on the piezoelectric plates; a compression form member provided with a location hole for the support, the piezoelectric plates and the pressure distribution members is fitted over the pressure distribution members by direct or indirect shrinking the pressure distribution members are preferably made of two exact fitting cylindrical segments transmitting the tension forces evenly over the piezoelectric plates.

Abstract: A force transducer, particularly for the ballistic measuring of the combustion pressure in the cartridge case of a firearm, is disclosed which includes a force transmission element which rests with one of its front areas on the cartridge case. The force transmission element is surrounded on its exterior by an outer sleeve which also rests with its front area on the cartridge case. The front areas of the force transmission element and of the outer sleeve are exactly adapted to the curvature of the cartridge case by reaming after the transducer has been mounted in the firearm. With the combustion of the powder, the cartridge case expands and transmits its force to a sensor element via the force transmission element, with the sensor element being preferably in the form of at least one piezoelectric transversal quartz element which is held under pretension between the force transmission element and a basic receiver component.

Abstract: A piezoelectric crystal element for use in force and pressure transducers and accelerometers, consisting of a monocrystalline cubic-polar material with electrode faces that intersect one of the crystallographic principal axes X,Y,Z at an angle .alpha.'=arc sin .sqroot.p and the other principal axes at .beta.'=.+-.1/2 arc cos p, wherein p=0 for the piezoelectric orthoaxial shear effect, p=1/3 for the longitudinal piezoeffect and p=1 for the transverse piezoeffect.

Abstract: The invention relates to an acceleration pick-up which can be produced at favorable cost in large numbers, for which new constructional means are used. The apparatus consists of a mushroom-shaped support screw (6,56), which is inserted directly in the synthetic material housing (8) of the measuring device and which mounts and retains both the mass sensor arrangement (1, 2, 3, 4), the printed circuit board (15) as well as the housing cover (9). In the immediate vicinity of the mushroom-shaped head (7) at least one flat holding magnet (30) is likewise inserted directly in the synthetic material housing (8). In order to screen the sensor arrangement against disturbance effects, the inside of the synthetic material housing is coated with a conducting metal layer (26,28,66) for inner screening, which is connected to the screening of the connecting cable piezoelectric, piezoresistive, inductive or other systems can be used as sensor elements.

Abstract: A device for balancing rotating bodies including a sensing arrangement for sensing the out of balance of the rotating body and for abrasion tool at a frequency corresponding to the speed of the rotating member so as to remove material from the rotating member in phase with the working vibration in the same region of the rotating member for effecting a balancing of the rotating member. The apparatus also includes an adjusting arrangement enabling adjustment of the phase relationship of the vibration of the abrasion tool with respect to the phase relationship of the out-of-balance signal so as to effect shifting by any number of steps of 360.degree./n, n being a whole number>3, irrespective of the speed of the rotating member.

Abstract: A device for balancing rotating bodies including a sensing arrangement for sensing the out of balance of the rotating body and for generating a control signal of approximately rectangular pulse shape. An electromagnetic transducer response to the control pulse signal is provided and is operated at a frequency in accordance with the speed of the rotating body. A spray valve is combined with the electromagnetic transducer to form a single spray unit and at least one spray disk is mounted on the rotating body to be balanced, the spray disk having at least three chambers or compartments. A spray medium is supplied to the spray unit which injects the spray medium into at least one chamber in response to the control pulse signal with correct phasing during the normal revolution of the rotating body until the amount of spray medium injected compensates for the out of balance of the rotating body.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for shaping semiconducting crystals for utilization in force and pressure measuring devices by chip removing machining of at least one surface portion of the crystal member. The shaping is effected by mounting the crystal member to be shaped and a ground cutting tool with respect to one another and rotating and contacting the tool and crystal member with respect to one another so as to remove a surface portion from the crystal. In this manner, many individual crystals can be shaped in an identical manner with high accuracy and with substantially no wear of the cutting tool.

Abstract: A piezoelectric crystal element comprising a member of monocrystalline material of symmetry class 32 has two force introduction surfaces essentially parallel to a crystallographic `a`-axis but inclined with respect to the `c`-axis so as to intersect the latter at a specific angle e.g. 10.degree. to 40.degree. to considerably reduce over a desired temperature range the temperature dependence of transverse of antiaxial shear sensitivity.

Abstract: In electronic amplifiers it is desirable to have the capability of accurate setting of the characteristic values while still having a limited space on a front panel. In order to accomplish this, a digital switch having a plurality of digital switch units on a front portion is coupled to an amplifier assembly. The amplifier assembly is coupled to the back portion of the digital switch and has a configuration such that it can fit into the same opening in the panel as the digital switch alone. Thus, the entire electronic amplifier unit takes up no more frontal space on the panel than that necessary for mounting the digital switch alone.

Abstract: A force measuring apparatus with a mounting arrangement for incorporation between a force receiving plate and a base plate of a force measuring system. The force measuring apparatus has an axis extending substantially transversely to the force receiving plate and base plate and is provided with two force transmitting flanges having planar parallel mounting surfaces at the ends thereof. The flanges are arranged for receiving mounting screws for mounting the force measuring apparatus from the same side to both the force receiving plate and base plate and centrally with respect to the axis of the force measuring apparatus with the force measuring apparatus having force transmission surfaces thereof coinciding with the mounting surfaces.

Abstract: A diaphragm arrangement for a pressure transducer, particularly one employed in monitoring an internal combustion engine and employing a force measuring transducer element abuts either against the pressure transducer directly or a preload element coupled therewith. The diaphragm arrangement includes a plurality of ring-shaped portions, one coupled to a preload volt element and another at the periphery of the transducer. Between these inner and outer portions of the diaphragm arrangement is an elastic portion interconnecting the two which permits the transducer to accurately monitor the pressure behavior, without the introduction of errors due to temperature shocks acting on the diaphragm during the measurement.

Abstract: A transducer for measuring the pressure characteristics of elastic material to be injection moulded includes a transducing element contained within a sleeve member mounted in an injection moulding device. An end of the sleeve member adjacent the material whose pressure characteristics are to be measured contains a pressure transmitting element for transmitting the pressure characteristics of the injection moulded material to the transducing element. Support and guiding structure is provided for supporting the transducing and pressure transmitting elements in the sleeve member, and for maintaining a uniform spacing of the pressure transmitting element from the internal wall of the sleeve member.

Abstract: A diaphragm arrangement is provided for pressure measuring transducer devices wherein the diaphragm includes a structure of the flexible portions thereof permitting stable calibration and compensation of environmental conditions during measurements. In particular, the diaphragm structure includes concentric annular grooves at opposite surfaces of the diaphragm to form at least one annular rim having elastic tubular walls normal to the diaphragm surfaces, thereby providing the flexible portion of the diaphragm. The connection of the diaphragm to the transducer structure is apart from this flexible construction, and the construction can be varied to suit the conditions of usage.

Abstract: A piezoelectric transducer element which can be used in force and pressure transducers is made from a quartz element which is prestressed within the transducers. The prestress is applied within a certain orientation with respect to the lattice plane (0 4 4 3). The transducer may include both disc and rod-shaped quartz elements.

Abstract: A measuring circuit including a piezoelectric transducer contains an output charge amplifier circuit with a semiconductor element connected across the storage element of the charge amplifier. The semiconductor element controls the resetting or zeroing of the storage element to thereby effect control of the operation of the charge amplifier. Typically, the semiconductor element may be a field effect transistor, photo-device, etc., and the control of the same may be remotely controlled.