Abstract: A pendulum gate valve with a pressure tight housing and inlet and outlet openings arranged on opposite sides of the housing. The drive rod for the pendulum frame is guided throughout its total path by a joint connected to the pendulum frame which can swivel about the shaft of the pendulum frame but can in addition also move independently of the swiveling motion of the pendulum frame. A guide mechanism is provided for the further movement of the joint outside the swiveling range, which forces the joint onto a path that runs substantially parallel to the drive rod. The guide mechanism consists of a thrust rod forming part of the pressing device which urges the gate valve plate against the sealing bearing surface and which is connected to the drive rod. The thrust rod is mounted in a longitudinally movable manner in the pendulum frame and runs parallel to the drive rod in the closed position of the gate valve plate.

Abstract: High-purity metal powder is made by the electron beam melting of a starting material in rod form in a vacuum wherein the molten metal is momentarily caught on a spinning plate rotating at high speed and flung therefrom and thereafter solidified by cooling. The metal on the spinning plate is bombarded with an electron beam that is so focused and periodically deflected that its focal spot is many times smaller than the diameter of the spinning plate. The beam deflection between the rotational center of the spinning plate and its marginal area is performed such that the spinning plate is scanned in a zone that extends radially of the axis of rotation of the spinning plate and is small in relation to its diameter. Cooling of the metal particles to the point of solidification is accomplished by radiation loss.

Abstract: An apparatus for the zone drawing of monocrystal rods comprises a hermetically sealed housing having two rod holders movably disposed rotatably and vertically one over the other within the housing. A stationary high frequency heating system is disposed between the rod holders. Each rod holder comprises one transport slide, a sliding guide and a spindle drive disposed within the housing for the independent vertical movement of the rod holders and one drive for the rotation of the rod holders.

Abstract: High-purity metal powder is made by the electron beam melting of a starting material in rod form in a vacuum wherein the molten metal is momentarily caught on a spinning plate rotating at high speed and flung therefrom and thereafter solidified by cooling. The metal on the spinning plate is bombarded with an electron beam that is so focused and periodically deflected that its focal spot is many times smaller than the diameter of the spinning plate. The beam deflection between the rotational center of the spinning plate and its marginal area is performed such that the spinning plate is scanned in a zone that extends radially of the axis of rotation of the spinning plate and is small in relation to its diameter. Cooling of the metal particles to the point of solidification is accomplished by radiation loss.

Abstract: An arrangement and photometer for measuring and controlling the thickness of optically active thin layers wherein the axis of the measurement light beam coming from the measurement light source is directed to the measurement object and a referenced light receiver, independent of the optical properties of the measurement object, is associated with the measurement light beam. The output signal of the referenced light receiver is mixed with a trigger stage for a phase sensitive photometer amplifier and is fed to a compensation circuit for the equilization of brightness variations in the measurement light source.

Abstract: A dual speed mechanical rotary vacuum pump wherein a mechanical rotary vacuum pump is directly connected to a two speed electrical motor which drives the pump and the speed of the motor is controlled by an electrical control circuit which selectively causes the motor to rotate at either a first speed for a predetermined period of time or at a second slower speed. The speed of the motor is automatically switched to the slower speed after the predetermined period of time.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for regulating the depth of immersion of melting electrodes in electrical slag remelting furnaces, consisting of an apparatus for the detection of the reciprocal resistance correspondence to the conductance and for changing this conductance upon the spatial displacement of the end of the electrode within the slag layer, a signal corresponding to the conductance being relayed to a regulating system for the electrode drive.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing monocrystals by potless zone melting, in which the monocrystal, setting out from a seed crystal, passes through a neck and a transitional zone into the main part of the monocrystal. A chamber is provided for the formation of a vacuum or a protective gas atmosphere plus a heating device for the production of the melting heat, driving means for the mechanical movements necessary for the crystal formation, a mounting for the seed crystal, and a supporting device which is applicable to the monocrystal beyond the neck, and a plurality of gripping bodies distributed about the circumference and applicable to the monocrystal radially on its substantially cylindrical surface the gripping bodies are disposed such that they first perform a radial approach to the monocrystal until a virtually force-free contact is made therewith, adapting themselves to the surface geometry and position of the monocrystal, whereupon the gripping force is increased and the gripping bodies are locked.

Abstract: A calibrated gas source for testing leakage indicators composed of a housing divided into two chambers by a partition having a gas passage between the chambers, a mass of liquefied gas filling one of the chambers, a valve associated with the passage for permitting gas to pass from the one chamber to the other chamber when it is under a certain excess pressure, and a capillary passage between the other chamber and the surrounding environment.

Abstract: In order to evacuate a receptacle using a pumping arrangement composed of a backing pump connected to the receptacle and a fine or high vacuum pump connected to the receptacle via a cold trap, the receptacle is initially evacuated only by operation of the backing pump, the time taken to achieve a predetermined initial pressure reduction in the receptacle only by the action of the backing pump is measured, then, on the basis of the magnitude of such pressure reduction and the measured time period, the subsequent time period which would be required, if the effect of condensable gases in the receptacle were ignored, to reach a predetermined second pressure, lower than the first pressure, in the operating range of the fine or high vacuum pump is calculated, and the receptacle is then evacuated by operation of the fine or high vacuum pump at the expiration of the subsequent time period.

Abstract: An optical body and a method of producing same comprising a transparent plastic substrate composed of an acrylate, preferably polymethylmethacrylate, depositing a first coat having a high refraction index on the substrate by vaporizing an oxide mixture of substantially zirconium dioxide with a content of 4 to 15 percent weight percent of aluminum oxide and depositing a second coat having a low refractive index by devaporization in a vacuum of a borosilicate glass containing less than 5 weight-percent of alkali metal oxides. The application of at least the first coat is performed in an oxidizing residual gas atmosphere.

Abstract: An optical body and a method of producing oxidic, antireflective coatings on transparent plastic substrates of polydiethyleneglycoldiallylcarbonate comprising depositing a first coating having a high refractive index by vaporizing an oxide mixture of essentially zirconium dioxide with a content of 4 to 15 weight percent of aluminum trioxide and depositing a second layer having a low refractive index by vaporizing in a vacuum a borosilicate glass containing less than 5 weight-percent of alkali metal oxides. The depositing of at least the first coating is performed in an oxidizing residual gas atmosphere.

Abstract: A method of making an ion filter having an electrically insulating body formed of at least two longitudinal parts and having metallized inner faces of generally hyperbolic cross-sectional shape, comprises the following steps:(a) making longitudinal body segments constituting the longitudinal parts;(b) grinding the longitudinal body segments to the predetermined cross-sectional shape;(c) metallizing those ground surface portions of each longitudinal body segment that are to serve in the ion filter as inner electrode faces for generating electric fields of predetermined configuration; and(d) securing, subsequent to the metallizing step, the longitudinal body segments to one another.

Abstract: A microrheoscopic detector for gases, especially for infrared gas analyzers comprises a base and a heating conductor mounted to the base. Two resistance thermometers are disposed in the area of influence of the heating conductor and comprise thin wire which is held between thicker connecting wires which are in turn affixed to the heating conductor.

Abstract: Process for the photo-optical measurement of the absorption behavior of solid, liquid and gaseous media. A measurement light beam from an optical radiation source is made intermittent by a rotating chopper comprising a rotatable metal wheel. The chopper frequency is maintained constant by regulation of the speed of the metal wheel by two alternating-current magnets inducing eddy currents to slow or speed up the wheel. The actual speed of the wheel is detected and compared with a reference speed and the magnitude of the excitation currents is adjusted on the basis of the rotatory speed difference to effect the regulation of the speed of the chopper.

Abstract: An apparatus for the photo-optical measurement of the absorption behavior of solid, liquid and gaseous media. A measurement light beam from an optical radiation source is made intermittent by a rotating chopper comprising a rotatable metal wheel. The chopper frequency is maintained constant by regulation of the speed of the metal wheel by two alternating-current magnets inducing eddy currents to slow or speed up the wheel. The actual speed of the wheel is detected and compared with a reference speed and the magnitude of the excitation currents is adjusted on the basis of the rotatory speed difference to effect the regulation of the speed of the chopper.

Abstract: A power supply for the cathode of an electron beam gun disposed in a vacuum chamber comprises a transformer for frequencies above about 20 kHz and having a primary winding and a secondary winding connected to the cathode. The transformer is mounted so as to integrate same into the vacuum chamber to dispose the primary winding in communication with the atmosphere and the secondary winding in communication with the vacuum chamber. A partition is disposed between the primary winding and the secondary winding to seal the primary winding from the vacuum and the seondary winding from the atmosphere. A control circuit receptive of a direct current supply has the output thereof connected to the primary winding of the transformer and has pulse width controlled transistors for the chopping of the direct current at a frequency above about 20 kHz.

Abstract: An arrangement for regulating the evaporation rate and the layer buildup in the production of optically effective thin layers in a vacuum on substrates with controlled evaporator power and with continuous measuring of the optical characteristics of the deposited layer. The evaporation is started with a given evaporator power and with the start of change of the optical characteristics of the layer, the measured result after forming the time derivative is continuously compared with the output signal of a signal generator. This output signal reproduces the time rate of change of the optical properties during the layer buildup. The difference signal of the comparison signal is used to increase the evaporator power if the layer buildup lags, and to reduce this power if the layer buildup is too fast.

Abstract: Apparatus for analyzing the energies of charged particles having an analyzer, a detector and an electrode system. The analyzer generates an electric or magnetic field through which the particles pass, there being an outlet aperture through which the charged particles exit as a beam. The detector is arranged in the path of the beam leaving the analyzer field through the outlet aperture, and the electrode system is arranged between the analyzer and the detector and serves to adjust the cross-section of the particle beam.

Abstract: A dynamic packing for sealing a shaft which passes through a wall separating an oil-containing space from an oil-free space or from the outside atmosphere, composed of two shaft sealing rings which engage the shaft and define an oil-filled gap therebetween, and a duct composed of one portion in communication with the oil-containing space and another portion in communication with the gap to place the gap between the sealing rings in communication with the oil-containing space and which is provided with a closure element in the form of a diaphragm having one of its faces in communication with both duct portions, the duct and element being provided to relieve the pressure in the gap.