Abstract: The invention relates to a method for regenerating reaction lubricant residues containing acid organic lubricants refused and processed during cold forming and multivalent metal ions and phosphate ions, wherein said reaction lubricant residues undergo the following procedural steps: a) precipitating metal ions from the metal organic compounds by adding phosphoric acid and/or acid phosphoric acid esters; b) dissolving water-soluble impurities by adding water; c) separating the solids from the lubricant components and from the aqueous phases that are incompatible with the oily lubricant components, and whereby d) acid phosphoric acid esters for adjusting the free acid at a value of less than 10 points and for adjusting a total acidity point value of less than 70 is adjusted at a free acid. total acidity ratio having a value in the range of 0.15 to 0.5. The separation indicated in step c) preferably occurs by means of a centrifuge at 2,000 to 3,000 g, especially at 8,000 to 15,000 g.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process of recovering monomeric esters of substituted or unsubstituted acrylic acid from polymer material having corresponding structural units by depolymerization by means of a fine-grained heat-transfer medium which is maintained above the depolymerization temperature of the polymer material. In a reactor, the polymer material is brought in contact with hot, mechanically fluidized heat-transfer medium. The resulting vapors are withdrawn and condensed, where the hot heat-transfer medium is continuously supplied at one end of the reactor, and cooled heat-transfer medium is discharged at the other end.

Abstract: A fine-grained product with a grain size of 100%<5 mm is obtained during the production of titanium dioxide in the chloride method in which titanium-containing raw material is reacted with gaseous chlorine in the presence of a carbon-rich substance, preferably coal and/or coke, in a chlorination reactor, preferably with a fluidized bed, to form titanium tetrachloride, the fine-grained product consisting, in the dried state, of the main constituents TiO2, coal and SiO2, mixed with filter salt (iron sulfate that is obtained during dilute acid recovery), residues containing TiO2 from TiO2-production according to the sulfate method, coal, sulfur, and ilmenite/TiO2-slag. This mixture is treated in a fluidized bed furnace or rotating tubular furnace at temperatures of 900 to 1,300° C. The mixture is used as a flux for the purpose of improving the durability of the brick lining of a furnace for the smelting-metallurgical production of metallic materials.

Abstract: High temperature flash distillation, for treating residual oils originating from crude oil refining, natural bitumen and/or tar sands, comprises feeding the oil to a mixer with granular hot coke, which serves as a thermal transfer medium. In mixing, 60-90% of the oil is vaporized. The non-vaporized fraction includes metal-containing asphaltenes. This fraction is further converted in the mixer, to oil vapor, gas and coke. Gases and vapor are withdrawn from the mixer, separately from the coke. The vapor phase is cooled and condensed to produce product oil. The gas itself is a further product. The coke is reheated and recycled to the mixer as the thermal transfer medium.

Abstract: Phthalic acid anhydride is recovered from a gas stream containing phthalic acid anhydride vapors by passing the gas stream upwardly through a vertical tube so that the gases expand at the orifice at the upper end of the tube and mix with granules entrained above the tube by fluidizing gas of a fluidized bed of phthalic acid anhydride granules around the tube. The tube, kept free from phthalic acid anhydride granules and the fluidized bed, is indirectly cooled.

Abstract: The wet granulated iron ore is initially conducted through a drying zone. The ore leaves the drying zone at a temperature of 120-400° C. The ore is then heated in direct contact with hot gas to temperatures of 700-1,100° C. before being delivered to a reduction zone. The ore coming out of the drying zone is fully or partially guided through a separating device so as to separate the ore into fine and coarse grain fractions. The fine-grained ore fraction is conveyed to a granulating device so as to produce an iron ore granulate which is conducted to the drying zone. The coarse-grained ore fraction is heated to temperatures of 700-1,100° C. before it is guide into the reduction zone.

Abstract: There is described a process of transferring &agr;,&bgr;-unsaturated alkyl groups to an electrophile (aldehyde, ketone, nitrile, imine, alkyne) by means of a masked zinc alkyl in an aprotic solvent.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing an aqueous zinc phosphatizing solution for producing phosphate coatings on metallic surfaces of iron, steel, zinc, zinc alloys, aluminum or aluminum alloys, which comprises: (1) 0.3 to 5 g Zn2+/1; (2) 0.1 to 3 g nitroguanidine/1 as an accelerator; (3) phosphate where the acid value is 0.03 to 0.3 indicating the ratio of free acid, calculated as free P2O5 to the total P2O5, and the weight ratio of Zn to P2O5 is 1:5 to 1:30; and (4) balance water, where the solution produces finely crystallite phosphate coatings in which the crystallites have a maximum edge length <15 &mgr;m, which comprises the steps of: (a) preparing a concentrate comprising the Zn2+ and the phosphate in water; (b) supplying additional water to the concentrate so that the Zn2+ concentration in the phosphatizing solution is 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing organo alkali-metal compounds by reacting metal lithium, sodium or potassium with organic compounds containing at least one acidic CH bond in a solvent. The inventive method is characterized in that the reaction is carried out in the presence of a hydrogen acceptor, wherein 0.5 to 5 moles of the hydrogen acceptor are used per mole of acid hydrogen, which hydrogen can be replaced by lithium, sodium or potassium, whereby 1 to 3, moles of lithium, sodium or potassium are used per mole of acid hydrogen and the acid CH bond has a pKa value of 10 to 30. Cyclopentadiene, indene, fluorene and substitution products thereof, or monosubstituted alkynes or methane substitution products, are preferred CH acid organic compounds. Hydrocarbons used as hydrogen acceptors include these with at least one CC double bond in conjugation with either another CC double bond or with a monocyclic aryl radical.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the electroless deposition of a copper coating on an iron or iron alloy surface wherein the workpiece surface is contacted with a solution which contains hydrogen ions, 5 to 30 g/l Cu as well as 0.2 to 5 g/l Mg and preferably copper and magnesium with a weight ratio of Cu:Mg of (35 to 5):1 for a treatment time of 3 sec to 15 min at a temperature of the solution of 20 to 65° C.

Abstract: The process of preparing a solution of basic sulfate-containing polyaluminum chloride includes digesting an aluminum-containing substance with hydrochloric acid to form a resulting solution and an insoluble residue; filtering the resulting solution to separate the insoluble residue therefrom and to form a solids-free solution; concentrating the solids-free solution by evaporation to form a concentrated solution having an AlCl3 content of about 30 percent by weight; recovering AlCl3·6 H2O from the concentrated solution by crystallization; thermally decomposing the recovered AlCl3·6 H2O by heating at 150 to 200° C. so as to form a solid basic aluminum chloride containing Al and OH in a molar ratio of OH/Al of 1.35:1 to 2.25:1; dissolving the solid basic aluminum chloride in an aqueous sulfuric acid solution and heat-treating at 40 ° C. to 70 ° C.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process in which gases or gas mixtures are reacted in the presence of an ion-conductive liquid in an electro-chemical cell. The cell has at least one anode (2) and at least one cathode (3) to which an external electrical constant potential is applied so that a direct current flows through the ion-conducting liquid. In the lower region of the cell a sump (4) of ion-conductive liquid is located into which the electrodes are partially immersed. At least 20% of the entire surface of at least one of the electrodes is located outside the sump in an upper region through which gas flows. This upper region of the cell is sprayed or irrigated with the ion-conductive liquid and the electrode surface at least partially wet. During this wetting process, the gas flows across the electrode surface.

Abstract: Nitrosylsulphuric acid is mixed in a mixing reactor with sulphuric acid saturated with SO2. The acid mixture is led into a saturating reactor into the bottom region of which water and an SO2-containing gas are introduced. The gas partially serves as stripping gas inside the saturating reactor. SO2-saturated, Nox-free sulphuric acid with 5 to 60 wt % H2SO4 is removed from the bottom region of the saturating reactor and part thereof is mixed with nitrosylsulphuric acid in the mixing reactor.

Abstract: A method for regulating or controlling the content of NOx in the exhaust gases of a glass-melting furnace having several burners operated in alternation, wherein both the beginning and the end of a combustion break (FP+, FP−) are supplied to a binary signal generator (8) which passes a signal to a regulator (4) with a time delay and upon receipt of the time-regulator (4), and the amount of NH3 supplied to the denitrating plant is adjusted to a lower constant fixed value F1 via a control, and by means of a memory element (7) a higher constant fixed value F2 is calculated as amount of NH3 and supplied to the regulator (4), whereupon as soon as the regulator (4) has received the signal of the time-delayed end of a combustion break, the fixed value F1 is adjusted to the fixed value F2 via a control, and subsequently the regulation is directly continued.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell is disclosed which comprises: (a) an electrolyte; and (b) a plurality of bipolar electrodes surrounded by the electrolyte and electrically connected in series during operation of the cell, the bipolar electrodes each comprising a cathode side, an anode side, and an electrically conductive connection between the cathode side and the anode side, wherein the cathode side and the anode side of at least one of the bipolar electrodes are movable and mechanically separable with respect to each other so that one of the two electrode sides can be removed from the cell, while the other electrode side remains in the cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to stable trimer isopropoxyalane of composition H5Al3(OiPr)4, wherein iPr is a (CH3)2CH radical. The invention also relates to a method for producing stable trimer isopropoxyalane, wherein AlH3 is reacted with Al(OiPr)3 or isopropanol in a molar ratio of 5:4 or 3:4 in a solvent or solvent mixture. The stable trimer isopropoxyalane is particularly suitable for use as a reducing agent in organic and inorganic synthesis, as a source for aluminium or aluminium oxide in the electronics or ceramics industry or to produce pigments.

Abstract: There is described a process for the enantioselective alkylation of aldehydes by means of organozinc compounds, of which a ligand of the zinc is transferred to the aldehyde, and the other ligand acts as so-called dummy ligand. As novel substances there are used zinc-organic compounds, which contain the neophyl residue as dummy ligand.

Abstract: A process is provided for manufacturing sulfuric acid from a gas containing sulfur dioxide and steam. The sulfur dioxide and steam containing gas is subjected to a catalytic oxidation to convert the sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide so as to produce a gas having a sulfur trioxide to steam mole ratio of at least 1:1 at a temperature of 400 to 600.degree. C. This sulfur trioxide and steam containing gas is injected into an indirect heat exchanger where it is indirectly cooled with a cooling fluid so that at least 80 percent of the theoretically possible sulfuric acid is formed and condensed in this heat exchanger. The cooling fluid exiting the heat exchanger is fed into a turbine for the generation of electricity. The gas mixture exiting the heat exchanger is contacted with sulfuric acid in a separate contact vessel to form additional, concentrated sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid formed in the heat exchanger is discharged.

Abstract: The process for removing a soap-contaminated conversion layer remaining on a metal workpiece after cold-forming with an aqueous acidic cleaning composition containing water, a surfactant such as an alkyl amine ethoxylate and nitric acid, phosphoric acid and/or amidosulphonic acid includes immersing the contaminated metal workpiece in the aqueous acidic cleaning composition at a temperature above 60.degree. C. until it has a clean bright surface and a fatty acid formed by reaction of the soap in the conversion layer is dispersed in the cleaning composition and then subsequently separating the metal workpiece from the cleaning solution and, after the separating, cooling the recovered aqueous acidic cleaning composition to a temperature below 55.degree. C. until a fatty acid layer including the fatty acid is separated from the aqueous acidic cleaning composition.

Abstract: The continuous process for making crystalline D-sorbitol using a melt crystallizer consisting of a cooled container and a horizontally arranged rotatable shaft equipped with disk elements and mixing parts to form a worm includes evaporating an aqueous D-sorbitol solution at 5 to 200 mbar and at a temperature of 130.degree. to 170.degree. C. in vacuum, advantageously in a thin film evaporator, to obtain a D-sorbitol melt containing less than 0.5 % by weight water; cooling the D-sorbitol melt to a temperature of 5 to 15.degree. C. above a solidification point of the D-sorbitol melt; melt crystallizing the D-sorbitol melt obtained during the evaporating in the melt crystallizer with an average dwell time of 1 to 5 hours to form D-sorbitol crystals and grinding and sieving the D-sorbitol crystals formed during the melt crystallizing of step d) to form a D-sorbitol end product containing more than 90% by weight of a .gamma. modification of crystalline D-sorbitol.