Abstract: In order to simultaneously observe a transparent object from two directions, first and second beam paths containing first and second images from two directions are separated using a prism to reflect the second beam path yet pass the first beam path. The length of the second beam path is caused to be different from that of the first beam path. Then the first and second beam paths are combined so that the first and second images may be viewed simultaneously. The different beam path lengths result in the first and second images being formed at the same position. As a result, the images carried by the first and second beam paths, both passing through a single objective lens, may be viewed simultaneously at a single location.

Abstract: A zoom lens assembly comprises an optical system containing lens units arranged on the optical axis, a stationary cylindrical member, and an operation member movable relative to the stationary cylindrical member. The operation member is moved in the direction along the optical axis for zooming and is rotated about the optical axis for focusing. The zoom lens assembly further comprises a lens holder axially movable relative to the stationary cylindrical member and holding a certain lens unit selected from the lens units and a cam member mounted axially movable along the optical axis and rotatable about the optical axis relative to the stationary cylindrical member.

Abstract: An eye-examining apparatus comprises a first positive lens unit, a negative lens unit, a second positive lens unit, a third positive lens unit and a target mark arranged in the named order from the side of the examined eye. The third positive lens unit is mounted movably along the optical axis. Between the first and second positive lens units there is interposed on astigmatic system rotatable about the optical axis. The negative lens unit, the second positive lens unit and the third positive lens unit are so arranged as to form an image of the mark at a position near the focal point on the target mark side of the first lens unit. The focal point on the examined eye of the composite system composed of the negative lens unit, the second positive lens unit and the third positive lens unit is approximately coincident with the position conjugate with the pupil of the examined eye relative to the first positive lens unit.

Abstract: This specification discloses an alignment method for aligning a photomask with a substrate covered with a photosensitive layer and printing the pattern of the photomask on the substrate. The method comprises the steps of providing a reference mark on the photomask, providing on the substrate a pair of alignment marks correlated to the reference mark, the pair of alignment marks being spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance in a mark area, one of the pair of alignment marks being formed projectedly relative to the surroundings thereof and the other alignment mark being formed as a depression relative to the surroundings thereof, providing the photosensitive layer on the substrate so that the outermost surface of the layer is substantially flat, and imaging the reference mark and the pair of alignment marks superposedly on an imaging plane by a light having a single wavelength. The specification also discloses a photomask and an apparatus for executing such method.

Abstract: An optical apparatus for projecting a pattern on a first plane onto a second plane comprises a projection optical system disposed between the first plane and the second plane to form an imaging optical path, a structure for forming a space independent from the ambient space and filled with a gas between the first plane and the second plane in such a manner that the imaging optical path passes therethrough, the structure including a first transparent flat member perpendicular to the optic axis of the projection optical system and forming the entrance surface of the imaging light beam to the independent space and a second transparent flat member parallel to the first transparent flat member and forming the exit surface of the imaging light beam from the independent space, the gas filling the independent space having a refractive index different from the refractive index of the ambient space, and a device for regulating the distance between the first transparent flat member and the second transparent flat member

Abstract: A behind stop lens comprises, in succession from the object side, a first lens which is a positive meniscus lens having its convex surface facing the object side, a second lens which is a biconcave lens, a third lens which is a biconvex lens, and a fourth lens which is a negative meniscus lens having its convex surface facing the image side. The third lens and the fourth lens are joined together to form a positive cemented lens. The behind stop lens has a stop at a position most adjacent to the image side.

Abstract: A position alignment apparatus aligns a photosensitive substrate and a mask (projection image) at high speed and with high precision. The apparatus has a projection optical system for projecting a pattern image on a mask or reticle onto a photosensitive substrate, a detector for detecting a two-dimensional misalignment of a projected pattern image and a wafer, and means for moving the wafer along orthogonal x- and y-axis directions and for rotating the wafer along a rotational direction within a plane defined by the x- and y-axis directions so as to eliminate the misalignment, wherein the detector has first detecting means with an optical system for detecting at least a misalignment of the wafer along the x-axis direction through the projection lens, and second detecting means with an optical system separate from the projection lens and for detecting at least a misalignment of the wafer along a rotational direction.

Abstract: A drive apparatus for a solid-state image pickup device, in which an average output level of the charge storage portion can be maintained substantially constant even if a storage time interval is short in the case of high luminance, and in which a signal charge in the shift register can be properly transferred, is so constructed that a drive pulse is supplied to the transfer portion so that the transfer portion receives a charge from a photosensor for a predetermined period of time simultaneously when the charge stored in the photosensor is shifted to the transfer portion.

Abstract: A signal processing apparatus for a photoelectric converting element array capable of providing a high resolving power is equipped with an array composed of plural light-receiving elements, in which plural pairs of light-receiving elements are formed wherein a determined number of light-receiving elements are placed between the light-receiving elements constituting each pair and there is determined the difference of outputs of the light-receiving elements constituting each pair.

Abstract: A camera comprises a main optical system for forming the image of an object to be taken, a sub optical system for forming the image of the object in co-operation with the main optical system, first means for holding the main optical system in such a manner that it is shiftable along the optical axis, second means for holding the sub optical system in such a manner that the sub optical system is movable between a position in which the sub optical system is inserted into the optical path of the main optical system and a position in which the sub optical system is retracted out of the optical path, a single drive source actuating in first, second and third ranges of operation, and transmission means for shifting the first means in response to the actuation of the drive source in the first and third ranges of operation and for shifting the first and second means in response with the actuation of the drive source in the second range of operation.

Abstract: A photographic camera exposes a film to an image of an object through a lens. The camera comprises means provided with a first motor for controlling the optical characteristic of the lens through the function of the first motor, means provided with a second motor for advancing the motor through the function of the second motor, and first, second and third serial circuit means each of which is provided with a pair of serially connected switching means and which are mutually connected in parallel manner.

Abstract: An exposure control device in a camera comprises power supply circuit means for producing a temperature signal representative of an amount proportional to the absolute temperature, means for producing a first digital data representative of the film speed, digital-analog converting means for producing a first analog output depending on the ambient temperature from the first digital data and the temperature signal, photometering means having means for producing a second analog output corresponding to the brightness of an object to be photographed and means for adding the second analog output to the first analog output and preparing a photometering output, analog-digital converting means for preparing a second digital data independent on the ambient temperature from the temperature signal and the photometering output, and means for determining the exposure in accordance with the second digital data.

Abstract: A camera comprises a mirror member provided between a photo-taking lens and the focal plane thereof and having a reflecting surface and a pivot axis provided at one end of the reflecting surface in parallelism to the focal plane, the mirror member being movable from an observation position in which the reflecting surface intersects the optic axis of the photo-taking lens to a retracted position in which the reflecting surface is retracted from the optic axis, by the pivotal movement of the reflecting surface about the pivot axis, a mirror chamber for containing the mirror therein, the mirror chamber having a pair of openings forming the optical path from the photo-taking lens to the focal plane a pair of vertical side walls provided on opposite sides of and vertically to the pivot axis and a movable bottom wall in parallelism to the pivot axis, and driving means for moving the mirror member and the movable bottom wall at the same time so that the center of gravity of the movable bottom wall moves in a directi

Abstract: A camera containing at least one first battery and at least one second battery therein includes first means supplied with an electric power by the at least one first battery, thereby becoming operable, second means supplied with an electric power by the at least one second battery, thereby controlling the operation of the first means, and third means operated to render the at least one second battery removable from the camera, the power supply from the at least one second battery to the second means being impeded by the third means being operated, the third means impeding the power supply from the at least one first battery to the first means prior to the impediment of the power supply from the at least one second battery to the second means, in response to the operation of the third means.

Abstract: An optical apparatus for projecting the pattern of a photomask comprises light source means emitting radiation, an illuminating optical system for condensing the radiation from the light source means on the photomask, a projection optical system provided between the photomask and a predetermined plane to cause the pattern of the photomask illuminated by the illuminating optical system to be imaged on the predetermined plane, the projection optical system having an imaging optical characteristic varied by the radiation having entered through the photomask, thermometric means including a temperature detecting element producing an output corresponding to a temperature detected thereby, the thermometric means causing part of the radiation directed to the projection optical system by the illuminating optical system to act on the temperature detecting element, and means for producing an output signal corresponding to a variation in the imaging optical characteristic of the projection optical system on the basis of

Abstract: A microscope objective lens which, in spite of having a great numerical aperture and a high magnification, can always maintain an excellent imaging performance even if the thickness of a parallel flat plate such as a cover glass disposed between the object surface and the objective lens is greatly varied. The microscope objective lens has, in succession from the object side, a first lens group of positive refractive power for converting the light flux from an object into a convergent light flux, the first lens group having a positive meniscus lens component with its concave surface facing the object side and having a cemented lens component, a second lens group having a cemented lens component of negative refractive power disposed in the convergent light flux, and a third lens group of negative refractive power having a meniscus lens component with its convex surface facing the object side and having a succeeding negative lens component.

Abstract: An apparatus for projecting the image of an object onto a substrate comprises light source means for supplying light energy for illuminating the object, optical means for forming the image of the object on the substrate, the image magnification of the optical means being heated and varied by the light energy from the light source means, means for monitoring the manner in which the light energy is applied to the optical means, means for determining the variation in the image magnification of the optical means in response to the monitor means, and means for adjusting the size of the image formed on the substrate in response to the determining means.

Abstract: A slim spectacle rim part comprises an integrally lens-holding rim in the form of an open ring and having a pair of side joints provided on the two adjacent ends of the open-ring shaped rim. The molding is of a thermoplastic resin reinforced with short fibers.

Abstract: A cell containing apparatus for a camera capable of selectively receiving larger or smaller dry cells, the containing apparatus including a housing having a chamber for larger and smaller dry cells with the housing, a holder member and a first cover member used for containing the smaller dry cells, a spacer member and a second cover member used for containing the larger dry cells with the housing.

Abstract: A projection optical apparatus used for projecting a pattern in the photolithographic operation for semiconductor device fabrication and a photographic mask used with the apparatus. In the projection optical apparatus, the reflected light from the pattern of a mask is utilized in place of the transmitted light through the pattern of the mask for the purpose of projecting the pattern. For this purpose, the projection optical apparatus includes illuminating optical means for projecting an illuminating light to the pattern of the mask and light guide means for directing the illuminating light reflected by the pattern of the mask to a projection optical system. A mask adapted for use with the apparatus contains a pattern composed of two opaque areas which are different in reflectance from each other.