Abstract: Example embodiments describe an optical line terminal, OLT, configured to communicate in a passive optical network, PON, with optical network units, ONUs; wherein the OLT is configured to dynamically assign bandwidths to traffic-bearing entities within the ONUs that are equal to estimated bandwidth demands of the respective traffic-bearing entities by allocating upstream transmission opportunities to the traffic-bearing entities; and wherein the OLT is configured to perform assigning bandwidth margins to the respective traffic-bearing entities in addition to the estimated bandwidth demands; and wherein the OLT further includes a receiver configured to receive upstream optical signals from the traffic-bearing entities during the allocated upstream transmission opportunities; and wherein the receiver is further configured to power down one or more functionalities during non-allocated periods free of upstream optical signals.

Abstract: A radio access network element, such as a remote radio head (RRH) comprises at least one processor and at least one memory. The at least one memory stores instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the radio access network element to: compute a communication delay between the radio access network element and a source of passive intermodulation, based on receiver group delay information for the radio access network element in the bandwidth of the passive intermodulation; and determine a distance between the source of passive intermodulation and the radio access network element based on the communication delay.

Abstract: Disclosed are various example embodiments which may be configured to: obtain, for each of one or more network entities, a time series of values of a measurement parameter for respective timestamps, the time series including measured values and a special numerical value at one or more timestamps; parse the time series of values to determine which numerical value in the time series of values corresponds to the special numerical value; assign flags to the values in the time series of values, wherein a flag assigned to a value obtained at a given timestamp indicates whether the measurement was or not available at the given timestamp in the time series of values.

Abstract: At least one example embodiment provides a radio access network element comprising at least one processor and at least one memory. The at least one memory stores instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the radio access network element to: extract sign information from a plurality of log-likelihood ratio (LLR) sample values included in LLR data in a resource block group (RBG); convert negative LLR sample values, from among the plurality of LLR sample values, into positive integer values to obtain converted LLR data; generate compressed LLR data based on the converted LLR data; and output the compressed LLR data.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a communication device, method, and apparatus, and a computer-readable medium. In one aspect, a first access point (AP) device assigns a device identification to a station (STA) device during performing an association process with the STA device. In addition, the first AP device transmits the device identification assigned to the STA device to at least one of a second AP device or a control device. In this way, the performance of a communication network can be improved. For example, an EasyMesh network with improved performance can be achieved.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method including transmitting one or more reference signals to one or more user devices; performing preliminary sensing over a sensing area of interest based at least partly on the one or more reference signals; allocating, based at least partly on the preliminary sensing, radio resources for performing sensing with a higher resolution than a resolution of the preliminary sensing; and performing the sensing with the higher resolution over the sensing area of interest by using the allocated radio resources.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for addressing problems in performing FEC decoding in OFDM communication systems, particularly problems associated with SNR fluctuations across the subcarrier frequency band. The disclosed decoding process is based on the use of per-subcarrier SNR values when performing data recovery in a subcarrier group sharing the same modulation format. That is, the bit-wise LLRs created for a given subcarrier are based upon that subcarrier's individual SNR, not an averaged (scalar) SNR used for all subcarriers within a given group.

Abstract: Example embodiments describe an optical line terminal (OLT) configured to communicate in a point-to-multipoint optical network with optical network units (ONUs); where the OLT and a respective ONU share a set of shared keys. The OLT configured to perform receiving, from a respective ONU, at least one identifier encrypted according to a preconfigured encryption algorithm and a preconfigured key; wherein the at least one identifier is characteristic for the respective ONU. The OLT configured to perform decrypting the at least one received identifier according to the preconfigured encryption algorithm and the preconfigured key; and determining at least one shared key based on the at least one decrypted identifier.

Abstract: An optical line terminal, OLT, is configured to communicate in a passive optical network, PON, with optical network units, ONUs; wherein the OLT is configured to dynamically assign bandwidth to traffic-bearing entities within the ONUs by allocating upstream transmission opportunities to the traffic-bearing entities based on bandwidth demands of the respective traffic-bearing entities and on one or more service parameters of the respective traffic-bearing entities; wherein an assigned bandwidth of a traffic-bearing entity includes a guaranteed assigned bandwidth and a non-guaranteed assigned bandwidth; and wherein OLT is further configured to perform, if a sum of the bandwidth demands of the traffic-bearing entities within the PON exceeds an effective available bandwidth of the PON, assigning, to respective unsaturated traffic-bearing entities having bandwidth demands that exceed the guaranteed assigned bandwidths, non-guaranteed assigned bandwidths proportional to the bandwidth demands.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising means for performing: receiving policy information for one or more transmissions in a radio access network; receiving data from the radio access network; determining an adjustment to one or more properties of the one or more transmissions in the radio access network, based on the received policy information and the data received from the radio access network; communicating an indication of the adjustment to the radio access network; wherein the transmissions comprise internet of things transmissions.

Abstract: There is provided a computer program, method and apparatus for an application function that causes the application function to: signal, to a first network function, a first request to be notified of at least one change in first user plane functions associated with a first virtual network, the first virtual network comprising the first user plane functions and a first interface interfacing the first user plane functions with a first data network; receive, from the first network function, a first indication that said at least one change has occurred; and configure connectivity with at least one interface to the first virtual network in dependence on the at least one change indicated in the said first indication.

Abstract: There is herein disclosed a network node of a wireless communication system. The network node has means for selecting a first group of cells. Each cell of the first group of cells is a secondary cell, SCell, for carrier aggregation, CA, on a user equipment, UE, of the wireless communication system. The network node has means for obtaining a first set of labelled data for the first group of cells. The labelled data includes performance information regarding the first group of cells. The network node has means for training a machine learning model for the first group of cells using the first set of labelled data. The machine learning model is configured to be implemented on the network node of the wireless communication system for SCell selection. The network node has means for determining whether the machine learning model meets a performance criteria for at least one cell of the first group of cells.

Abstract: Various example embodiments for supporting a multi-indexed micro-operations cache (MI-UC) in a processor are presented. Various example embodiments for supporting an MI-UC in a processor may be configured to support an MI-UC in which, for a UC line of the MI-UC, multiple indexes into the UC line, for multiple sets of micro-operations (UOPs) stored in the UC line based on decoding of multiple instructions, are supported.

Abstract: A network-based apparatus includes at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the network-based apparatus to: select at least a first bitstream from a central repository based on an indicator associated with a probability of concurrent, simultaneous or future execution of the first bitstream and a second bitstream at a network node, each of the first bitstream and the second bitstream including programming information for a device at the network node, the indicator being based on an embedding matrix mapping at least a subset of bitstreams in the central repository to an N-dimensional vector of real numbers; and output the first bitstream to the network node for storage and execution upon request.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, higher-level octree telepresence data for a point cloud of a 3D object is transmitted using a reliable transport mechanism that ensures successful transmission, e.g., via re-transmission of dropped packets, and lower-level octree data for the point cloud is transmitted using a non-reliable transport mechanism that does not guarantee successful transmission. When the lower-level data is contained in one or more of the bottom-most layers in the octree representation, at least some of the point cloud might be able to be reconstructed using successfully received data even when some lower-level data is lost and not re-transmitted. Using non-reliable transmission can reduce latency by avoiding time-consuming re-transmissions. The resulting reconstructed point cloud will be incomplete, but it might be sufficiently complete to provide satisfactory user experience with lower latency that using reliable transport for the entire octree.

Abstract: Various example embodiments for supporting multicast are presented herein. Various example embodiments for supporting stateless multicast may be configured to support stateless multicasting of packets based on encoding of multicast path information within the packets. Various example embodiments for supporting stateless multicasting of packets based on encoding of multicast path information within the packets may be configured to use a recursive scheme of encoding the multicast path information within the packets such that the header that arrives at each node of the multicast path informs the node of the outgoing links over which the packet is to be sent and the headers to be sent on the outgoing links (e.g., each node of the multicast tree is able to recognize each of its outgoing links from the received header and send the appropriate subtree encoding down each of its outgoing links).

Abstract: An apparatus, method and computer program is described above: determining a coupling gain for a user device within a cell of a mobile communication system; comparing the determined coupling gain with a coupling gain threshold; setting the user device to operate in a device-specific CSI-RS mode of operation in the event that the determined coupling gain is less than the coupling gain threshold, wherein, in the device-specific CSI-RS mode of operation, the user device is configured to use device-specific reference signal transmissions for the determination of channel state information; and setting the user device to operate in a cell-specific CSI-RS mode of operation in the event that the determined coupling gain is not less than the coupling gain threshold, wherein, in the cell-specific CSI-RS mode of operation, the user device is configured to use cell-specific reference signal transmissions for the determination of channel state information.

Abstract: An apparatus including: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: select reference neighbouring cells among a plurality of neighbouring cells of a serving cell, wherein the reference neighboring cells have a same numerology and synchronization signal block burst patterns overlapping in time and with a same periodicity; determine a measurement gap configuration allowing at least one terminal served by the serving cell to measure at least one synchronisation signal block from at least one of the reference neighbouring cells; and provide, to the at least one terminal, the measurement gap configuration.

Abstract: This specification describes a method comprising generating a message for communication over a local area network connection between a radio access node and a user equipment relay, the message including: an identifier for indicating that the message includes control information for eliciting a responsive operation by a receiving one of the radio access node and the user equipment relay, and the control information, the method further comprising causing transmission of the generated message over the local area network connection from a transmitting one of the radio access node and the user equipment relay to the receiving one of the radio access node and the user equipment relay.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a machine learning (ML)-based receiver that is invariant to the number of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) layers it processes. The ML-based receiver is configured, for each MIMO layer, to obtain a set of intermediate estimates by performing an equalization operation based on channel information and an array of symbols received over the MIMO layers, and to obtain a set of final estimates for the array of symbols by using a layer-associated block of a ML model. Each layer-associated block of the ML model is configured to receive the set of intermediate estimates as input data and output the set of final estimates. The layer-associated blocks are configured operate in parallel and exchange weights between each other during a training phase. In some embodiments, the layer-associated blocks may be further configured to exchange the input data between each other during the training and inference phases.