Abstract: A process for producing light aromatics, intermediate coal liquids, tar acids, and heavy hydrocarbons from pyrolytic vapors produced by the pyrolysis of coal is described herein. Such pyrolytic vapors are contacted with a quench liquid which comprises a hydrogen donor solvent to condense the pyrolytic vapors and form a liquid mixture which comprises pyrolytic condensate. The liquid mixture is separated by vacuum flashing into a vapor containing tar acids and a liquid mixture containing the quench liquid and condensate remainder. This liquid mixture is then heated to transfer hydrogen from the hydrogen donor solvent to the condensate remainder. The hydrogenated liquid mixture is then separated into a heavy hydrocarbon stream and a solvent mixture which contains the spent and unused hydrogen donor solvent.The vapor produced by the vacuum flashing is then condensed and separated into a liquid stream containing tar acids, and a tar acid raffinate.

Abstract: Pyrolytic vapors, produced by the pyrolysis of coal, are contacted with a quench liquid which comprises a hydrogen donor solvent to condense the pyrolytic vapors and form a liquid mixture which comprises pyrolytic condensate. The liquid mixture is separated by vacuum flashing into a vapor containing tar acids and a liquid mixture containing the quench liquid and condensate remainder. This liquid mixture is then heated to transfer hydrogen from the hydrogen donor solvent to the condensate remainder. The hydrogenated liquid mixture is then separated into a heavy hydrocarbon stream and a solvent mixture which contains the spent and unused hydrogen donor solvent.The vapor produced by the vacuum flashing is then condensed and separated into a liquid stream containing tar acids, and a tar acid raffinate.

Abstract: A monolithic bipolar membrane having elastic properties is wetted with a polar solvent or an electrolyte, such as water. An electric field is used to control the transfer rate of gas molecules through the membrane in response to an applied external electromotive force. By adjusting the electromotive force the membrane can be controlled to selectively pass one type of molecule while rejecting other molecules. A separation between molecules of two or more materials can thus be achieved.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for selective wetting of particles includes sizing of particles to a preselected size for enabling optical discrimination between desired particles having a relatively large surface area receptive to coating by a preselected wetting agent and undesired particles having a relatively small surface area receptive to coating by the preselected wetting agent. The particles are fed into a conditioning zone defined by the spray of wetting agent from at least one spray means, the spray of wetting agent being in sufficient quantity to impact and coat substantially all of the surface areas of the particles receptive to coating by the wetting agent. The means for feeding the particles into the conditioning zone is disposed outside the conditioning zone and preferably feeds the particles in an unsupported state into the conditioning zone.

Abstract: A process for producing phosphorus pentoxide from phosphate ores in a rotary-type kiln includes heating, by exposure to a flame, a porous bed comprising phosphate ore and solid carbonaceous material to a temperature sufficient to reduce the phosphorus pentoxide to phosphorus vapor. The phosphorus vapor is oxidized in an oxidation zone disposed over the porous bed to heat the porous bed. An inert gas is used to purge the porous bed of carbon monoxide formed during the reduction reaction to drive the reduction reaction more rapidly toward complete reduction of the phosphorus pentoxide and to inhibit oxidation of the phosphorus vapor and carbonaceous material within the porous bed.

Abstract: A process for reducing phosphate ore includes beneficiating phosphate ore to reduce alumina impurities while allowing fluoride impurities to remain in the beneficiated ore, mixing beneficiated ore with solid carbonaceous material to form a porous bed of agglomerated feed and heating the porous bed in a rotary-type kiln to produce elemental phosphorus and carbon monoxide. The elemental phosphorus may be burned within the kiln to provide heat to the porous bed and an inert gas may be purged through the porous bed to drive the reaction between the phosphate ore and the solid carbonaceous material towards complete reduction of the phosphate ore by removal of carbon monoxide from the porous bed.

Abstract: A process for separating ore particles from gangue particles comprises the steps of (1) conditioning the particles with an agent comprising a compound having both a surface-selective functional group and a detectable moiety, to selectively coat either the ore particles or the gangue particles, to the substantial exclusion of the other; (2) detecting the coated particles; and (3) separating the detected, coated particles from the substantially uncoated particles. In one embodiment, the detectable moiety is fluorescent and detecting is performed under ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for recovering zinc from a material containing zinc sulfide. The zinc sulfide-containing material is chlorinated in an aqueous medium to form zinc chloride and elemental sulfur. A water-immiscible solvent (preferably inert) for the sulfur is added to the aqueous chlorinating solution during the chlorination process. The aqueous solution which contains zinc values is separated from the water-immiscible solvent containing sulfur. The zinc values can be recovered from the aqueous layer.

Abstract: A process for producing an isomerized benzene carboxylic acid salt by treating a mixture of an aromatic material, water, and a water soluble reagent comprising a Group Ia or IIa metal with oxygen under conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the aromatic material to a benzene carboxylic acid salt of the metal; isomerizing the benzene carboxylic acid salt by heating without converting the benzene carboxylic acid salt to a benzene carboxylic acid salt of a different Group Ia or IIa metal prior to isomerizing; and recovering the benzene carboxylic acid salt. Another embodiment further comprises converting the isomerized benzene carboxylic acid salt to isomerized benzene carboxylic acid; regenerating the reagent; recovering the isomerized benzene carboxylic acid; and recycling the reagent thusly regenerated to supply a portion of the reagent required for producing the benzene carboxylic acid salt.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for pyrolyzing agglomerative coals which comprises introducing a fluidized bed of hot char particles into a pyrolysis chamber or reactor, and injecting upwardly into the chamber a high velocity jet of agglomerative coal particles in a carrier gas, the fluidized hot char particles surrounding the high velocity coal jet and heating the coal particles to yield gaseous products and char. The hot char particles in the fluidized state and disposed around the coal jet are entrained in the upwardly expanding coal jet and mixed with the coal particles, so that by the time the coal particles contact the pyrolysis chamber wall, such coal particles being heated by the char have passed through the tacky state and are no longer tacky and do not adhere to the chamber wall. The gaseous product and char formed during pyrolysis are rapidly removed from the pyrolysis chamber, and such char can be separated, e.g.

Abstract: A process for removing a species from a fluid which comprises (a) contacting said fluid with an emulsion, said emulsion having an external phase and an internal phase, said external phase being immiscible with said fluid and said species being permeable to said external phase; (b) permeating said species through said external phase into said internal phase; (c) converting said permeated species in said internal phase, into a species which is impermeable to said external phase; (d) separating said emulsion from said fluid; (e) converting the impermeable species of step (c) into a species which is permeable to said external phase by means of an oxidation-reduction reaction; and (f) permeating the permeable species of step (e) through said external phase. The instant process may be carried out in the reverse manner, i.e. the fluid including the species to be removed can be the internal phase of an emulsion or foam and thus permeate through the external phase.

Abstract: A process for the hydrogenation of coal and subsequent treatment of hydrogenated coal to produce useful fuels and chemicals which comprises comminuting coal ore to a particle size range of from about 150 mesh to about 250 mesh; hydrogenating the particulate coal in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst and a source of hydrogen at a temperature of from about 100.degree. to about 300.degree. C. and a pressure of from about 500 to about 1,000 psi for a time sufficient to react hydrogen with the coal to form predominantly hydroaromatic coal; and recovering the hydrogenated coal. The hydrogenated coal is subsequently hydrocracked or pyrolyzed. The hydrogenated coal is hydrocracked at from about 500.degree. to about 700.degree. C. a pressure of from about 500 to about 2,000 psi for a time sufficient to crack the coal to produce benzene, toluene, xylene and gasoline. The hydrogenated coal is pyrolyzed at from about 400.degree. to about 700.degree. C.

Abstract: The instant disclosure relates to a method of tracing the flow of a solution for extracting values from an ore, wherein such extraction leaves behind an extracted ore, which method comprises(a) providing a material in said solution which will interact with said extracted ore to form a product, and(b) detecting said product.The instant invention is especially useful for the extraction of copper values from copper oxide ores such as chrysocolla, neotocite, malacite and cuprite. Preferably, the extraction solution is an acidic solution comprising sulfuric acid and said material is a fluorescent surface-active dye which forms an adsorption product with the porous gel-like aluminosilicate network which remains after extracting the copper values from the above ores. A sample of said extracted ore is obtained by drilling and such sample is irradiated with ultra-violet light, e.g. at a wavelength of from about 220 to about 400 nm, depending on the particular dye to detect such adsorption product.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for the separation of oil shale from run of mine (ROM) oil shale containing particles of oil shale and refuse, which comprises conditioning the ROM oil shale with a coupling agent capable of selectively coating the kerogen hydrocarbons in the particulate oil shale to the substantial exclusion of coating the non-hydrocarbonaceous refuse, which coupling agent is one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of an alcohol, at least one carboxylic acid, preferably containing from about 5 to about 28 carbon atoms and a ketone. Combined with said coupling agent is a fluorescent dye in a quantity to make the coated particles of oil shale fluoresce upon excitation to a degree sufficient to distinguish the coated oil shale particles from the substantially non-coated refuse. Exciting (e.g.

Abstract: In a process for recovery of values contained in solid carbonaceous material, a solid carbonaceous material is comminuted and then treated at an elevated temperature with a capping agent which is at treating conditions either a liquid or a gas. The treating conditions are such that the capping agent is sorbed by the solid particulate carbonaceous material. The solid particulate carbonaceous material containing the sorbed capping agent is then subjected to pyrolysis preferably in the presence of a solid particulate source of heat and a transport gas in a transport flash pyrolysis reactor, to form a pyrolysis product stream. The solid particulate carbonaceous feed material is pyrolyzed and newly formed volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals are substantially simultaneously terminated by the sorbed capping agent as such radicals are formed, to form a pyrolysis product stream.

Abstract: In a process for recovery of values contained in solid carbonaceous material, a solid carbonaceous material is comminuted and then treated in a pretreating zone at an elevated temperature with a capping agent which is at treating conditions either a liquid or a gas. The treating conditions are such that the capping agent is sorbed by the solid particulate carbonaceous material. The solid particulate carbonaceous feed material containing the sorbed capping agent is then subjected to pyrolysis in the presence of a carbon containing solid particulate source of heat and a beneficially reactive transport gas in a transport flash pyrolysis reactor, to form a pyrolysis product stream. The solid particulate carbonaceous feed material is pyrolyzed and newly formed volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals are substantially simultaneously terminated by the sorbed capping agent as such radicals are formed, to form a pyrolysis product stream.

Abstract: In a process for recovery of values contained in solid carbonaceous material, a solid carbonaceous material is comminuted and then treated at an elevated temperature in a pretreatment zone with a first capping agent which is at treating conditions either a liquid or a gas. The treating conditions are such that the first capping agent is sorbed by the solid particulate carbonaceous material. The solid particulate carbonaceous material containing the sorbed first capping agent is then subjected to pyrolysis in the presence of a second capping agent, and preferably in the presence of a solid particulate source of heat and a transport gas in a transport flash pyrolysis reactor, to form a pyrolysis product stream. The solid particulate carbonaceous feed material is pyrolyzed and newly formed volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals are substantially simultaneously terminated by the sorbed first capping agent, or the second capping agent as such radicals are formed, to form a pyrolysis product stream.

Abstract: In a process for recovery of values contained in solid carbonaceous material, the solid carbonaceous material is comminuted and then subjected to pyrolysis, preferably in the presence of a solid particulate source of heat and a transport gas in a transport flash pyrolysis reactor, to form a pyrolysis product stream. The pyrolysis product stream contains a gaseous mixture and particulate solids. The solids are separated from the gaseous mixture to form a substantially solids-free gaseous stream which comprises volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals newly formed by pyrolysis. Preferably the solid particulate source of heat is formed by oxidizing part of the separated particulate solids. Condensed stabilized hydrocarbons are obtained by quenching the gaseous mixture stream with a quench fluid which contains a capping agent for stabilizing and terminating newly formed volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals. The capping agent is partially depleted of hydrogen by the stabilization and termination reaction.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to a process for removing a species from a fluid which comprises (a) contacting said fluid with a hollow microcapsule, said microcapsule having a wall surrounding an internal void, said wall being substantially insoluble in said fluid and said species being permeable to said wall; (b) permeating said species through said wall into said void; (c) converting said permeated species, in said void into a species which is impermeable to said wall; (d) separating said microcapsule from said fluid; (e) converting the impermeable species of step (c) into a species which is permeable to said wall; and (f) permeating the permeable species of step (e) through said wall. Preferably said void contains a reagent which together with said permeated species form a reversible oxidation-reduction couple. In the instant preferred embodiment said permeated species is converted into an impermeable species by means of said oxidation-reduction reaction to trap said impermeable species in said void.

Abstract: In a process for recovery of values contained in solid carbonaceous material, the solid carbonaceous material is comminuted and then subjected to pyrolysis, in the presence of a carbon containing solid particulate source of heat and a beneficially reactive transport gas in a transport flash pyrolysis reactor, to form a pyrolysis product stream. The pyrolysis product stream contains a gaseous mixture and particulate solids. The solids are separated from the gaseous mixture to form a substantially solids-free gaseous stream which comprises volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals newly formed by pyrolysis. Preferably the solid particulate source of heat is formed by oxidizing part of the separated particulate solids. The beneficially reactive transport gas inhibits the reactivity of the char product and the carbon-containing solid particulate source of heat.