Abstract: New tylosin derivatives having at least one acyl group at the 3- and 4"-positions of tylosin, and the acid addition salts thereof, which inhibit the growth of various microorganisms including drug-resistant bacterial isolants and which produce high blood levels through oral administration are produced by a biochemical reaction using the microorganisms of the genus Streptomyces which are selected for their newly-found ability to acylate at least one of the 3- and 4"-positions of macrolide antibiotics; they are recovered from the reacted mixture by conventional methods for recovering macrolide antibiotics.

Abstract: New purine nucleoside 5'-phosphate (mono, di or tri) 3'(2' )-diphosphates and the sodium, lithium and potassium salts thereof are elaborated by the enzymatic transfer of pyrophosphoryl group from ATP (adenosine triphosphate), dATP (deoxyadenosine triphosphate) and pppApp (adenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'(2') diphosphate) to specified 5'-purine nucleotides, and a new nucleotide pyrophosphotransferase used for this enzyme reaction is produced by actinomycetes and other microorganisms and recovered from the culture filtrate and mycelium by the conventional methods for recovering enzymes.

Abstract: Immobilization of microorganisms is carried out by mixing a water soluble-polymer selected from polyvinylalcohol, gelatin and carboxymethylcellulose with a tetraalkoxysilane, hydrolyzing the resulting mixture by the addition of acid to form a homogeneous complex sol, dispersing microbial cells homogeneously in the sol and gelling the mixture of the sol and microbial cells.

Abstract: New purine nucleoside 5'-phosphate (mono, di or tri) 3'(2')-diphosphates and the sodium, lithium and potassium salts thereof are elaborated by the enzymatic transfer of pyrophosphoryl group from ATP (adenosine triphosphate), dATP (deoxyadenosine triphosphate) and pppApp (adenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'(2') diphosphate) to specified 5'-purine nucleotides, and a new nucloetide pyrophosphotransferase used for this enzyme reaction is produced by actinomycetes and other microorganisms and recovered from the culture filtrate and mycelium by the conventional methods for recovering enzymes. These compounds are useful for treating leukemia L1210 in mice.

Abstract: New tylosin derivatives having at least one acyl group at the 3- and 4"-positions of tylosin, and the acid addition salts thereof, which inhibit the growth of various microorganisms including drug-resistant bacterial isolants and which produce high blood levels through oral administration are produced by a biochemical reaction using the microorganisms of the genus Streptomyces which are selected for their newly-found ability to acylate at least one of the 3- and 4"-positions of macrolide antibiotics; they are recovered from the reacted mixture by conventional methods for recovering macrolide antibiotics.

Abstract: A novel physiologically active peptide Val-X-Ala-X, in which X is 4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid, which is prepared from R-Val-Val-X-Ala-X by the action of a microbial enzyme, N-acyl derivatives thereof which are produced by acylating said new peptide, and the processes for producing thereof and the microbial enzyme are disclosed.

Abstract: New purine nucleoside 5'-phosphate (mono, di or tri) 3'(2')-diphosphates and the sodium, lithium and potassium salts thereof are elaborated by the enzymatic transfer of pyrophosphoryl group from ATP (adenosine triphosphate), dATP (deoxyadenosine triphosphate) and pppApp (adenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'(2')diphosphate) to specified 5'-purine nucleotides, and a new nucleotide pyrophosphotransferase used for this enzyme reaction is produced by actinomycetes and other microorganisms and recovered from the culture filtrate and mycelium by the conventional methods for recovering enzymes.

Abstract: A novel physiologically active peptide Val--X--Ala--X, in which X is 4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid, which is prepared from R--Val--Val--X--Ala--X by the action of a microbial enzyme, N-acyl derivatives thereof which are produced by acylating said new peptide, and the processes for producing thereof and the microbial enzyme are disclosed.

Abstract: A process for producing pepstatins by means of a microorganism belonging to Streptomyces and producing pepstatins, wherein at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-leucine, L-valine, L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, and L-lysine is added to the reaction medium, which also contains an energy source.

Abstract: Oligoethylenepiperazines and their derivatives of the formula ##SPC1##Whereinn is a positive integer of 1 to 7 inclusive;m is zero or one when n=1, or m is one when n=2.about.7R.sub.1 is hydrogen, benzenesulfonyl or benzenesulfonyl ring substituted by at least one member selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl of 1-4 carbon atoms, nitro and amino;R.sub.2 is halogen when m=zero and hydrogen, benzenesulfonyl or benzenesulfonyl ring substituted by at least one member selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl of 1-4 carbon atoms, nitro and amino when m=one; and the cationic salts thereof are useful as anion exchange oligomers, antihelmintic compounds, and intermediates for the preparation of polymers and fine industrial chemicals.