Abstract: The disclosure relates to a carbon-based electrode material that has been graphitized to hold ions in the electrode of a battery and more particularly include carbide or carbide and nitride surfaces that protect the graphite core. The preferred batteries include metal ion such as lithium ion batteries where the carbon-based electrode is the anode although the carbon-based electrode may also serve in dual ion batteries where both electrodes may comprise the graphitized carbon-based electrodes. The electrodes are more amorphous than conventional graphite electrodes and include a carbide or nitride containing surface treatment.

Abstract: A lubricating base stock comprising an alkyl aromatic, a blend of additives, a blend of oil soluble polyalkylene glycols and a blend of polyolefins. In the lubricating base stock, the blend of polyolefins comprises at least one metallocene polyolefin.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalytic hydrocracker with two different catalyst beds within the reactor where each is loaded with a catalyst that has different hydrocracking properties. A first catalyst bed preferably cracks heavy oil more aggressively than the catalyst in the second bed. The catalytic hydrocracker includes further two recycle lines such that one directs unconverted oil through both hydrocracker beds and a bypass inlet is positioned between the first and second catalyst beds to admit unconverted oil to pass only through the second less aggressive hydrocracker catalyst bed. When gasoline prices favor the production of gasoline, less unconverted oil is recycled through the bypass therefore making more gasoline, but when prices favor the production of jet and diesel, more recycle is directed through the bypass recycle thus making less gasoline and more diesel and jet fuel.

Abstract: Redox flow battery performance may be improved with a metal containing ionic liquid as a liquid electrolyte. Metal containing ionic liquids are liquids at all temperatures of interest and therefore do not need dilution. As such, voltage separation between the anolyte and catholyte may exceed 0.5 V and therefor rival current state-of-the-art energy storage technologies and with higher voltage separation may attain energy densities above 100 Wh/L.

Abstract: Processes for producing liquid transportation fuels by converting a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising both isopentane and n-pentane. The hydrocarbon feed stream is separated into a first fraction that predominantly comprises isopentane and a second fraction that predominantly comprises n-pentane and some C6 paraffins. The first fraction is catalytically activated to an activation effluent comprising olefins and aromatics, while the second fraction is isomerized to convert at least a portion of the n-pentane to isopentane, then combined with the hydrocarbon feed stream to allow the newly-produced isopentane to be separated into the first fraction. The process yields products that are suitable for use as a blend component of liquid transportation fuels.

Abstract: Processes for producing liquid transportation fuels by converting a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising both isopentane and n-pentane. The hydrocarbon feed stream is separated into a first fraction that predominantly comprises isopentane and a second fraction that predominantly comprises n-pentane and some C6 paraffins. The first fraction is catalytically activated to produce an activation effluent comprising olefins and aromatics, while the second fraction is isomerized to convert at least a portion of the n-pentane to isopentane, then combined with the hydrocarbon feed stream to allow the newly-produced isopentane to be separated into the first fraction. Finally, the activation effluent is oligomerized. The process produced increased yields of products that meet specifications for a blend component of liquid transportation fuels.

Abstract: A composition comprising: an oil of lubricating viscosity; an alkylated phenyl-?-naphthyl amine; and at least one oil soluble triazole or derivatives thereof. Wherein the oil soluble triazole or derivatives thereof comprises at least one oil soluble diphenylamine tolutriazole reaction product.

Abstract: A method for determining the oxygen surface exchange property of a material in a solid oxide fuel cell. The method begins by first receiving a data stream comprising of continuous weight measurements of the material and time measurements of when the continuous weight measurements of the material are taken. While receiving the data stream an oxygen concentration test is performed which involves: flowing a degradation gas flow onto the cathode material while simultaneously increasing the temperature of the primary gas flow to a set temperature, flowing the degradation gas flow onto the material at the set temperature, stopping the degradation gas flow and starting a primary gas flow at the set temperature, flowing the primary gas flow onto the material at the set temperature, and stopping the primary gas flow and starting a secondary gas flow at the set temperature. This data stream is then displayed analyzing the weight change of the material over time.

Abstract: A method for determining the oxygen surface exchange property of a material in a solid oxide fuel cell. The method begins by first receiving a data stream comprising of continuous weight measurements of the material and time measurements of when the continuous weight measurements of the material are taken. While receiving the data stream an oxygen concentration test is performed which involves: flowing a primary gas flow onto the material while simultaneously increasing the temperature of the primary gas flow to a set temperature, flowing the primary gas flow onto the material at the set temperature, and stopping the primary gas flow and starting a secondary gas flow at the set temperature. This data stream is then displayed analyzing the weight change of the material over time.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for in-line processes of separating and blending transmix, gasoline and diesel fuel from a refined petroleum product within a pipeline using optical properties.

Abstract: Processes for producing liquid transportation fuels by converting a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising both isopentane and n-pentane. The hydrocarbon feed stream is separated into a first fraction that predominantly comprises isopentane and a second fraction that predominantly comprises n-pentane and some C6 paraffins. The first fraction is catalytically activated to an activation effluent comprising olefins and aromatics, while the second fraction is isomerized to convert at least a portion of the n-pentane to isopentane, then combined with the hydrocarbon feed stream to allow the newly-produced isopentane to be separated into the first fraction. At least a portion of the activation effluent is alkylated to enhanced yields of products that are suitable for use as a blend component of liquid transportation fuels.

Abstract: Processes for producing liquid transportation fuels by converting a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising both isopentane and n-pentane. The hydrocarbon feed stream is separated into a first fraction that predominantly comprises isopentane and a second fraction that predominantly comprises n-pentane and some C6 paraffins. The first fraction is catalytically activated to produce an activation effluent comprising olefins and aromatics, while the second fraction is isomerized to convert at least a portion of the n-pentane to isopentane, then combined with the hydrocarbon feed stream to allow the newly-produced isopentane to be separated into the first fraction. Finally, the activation effluent is oligomerized. The process produced increased yields of products that meet specifications for a blend component of liquid transportation fuels.

Abstract: Systems operable to produce liquid transportation fuels by converting a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising both isopentane and n-pentane. The system comprises a first separator operable to separate a hydrocarbon feed stream into a first fraction that predominantly comprises isopentane and a second fraction that predominantly comprises n-pentane and some C6 paraffins. An isomerization reactor isomerizes the second fraction to convert at least a portion of the n-pentane to isopentane. The resulting isomerization effluent is combined with the hydrocarbon feed stream, allowing the isopentane produced in the isomerization reactor to be separated into the first fraction in the first separator. An activation reactor catalytically activates the first fraction to produce an activation effluent comprising olefins and aromatics. Certain embodiments additionally comprise either an oligomerization reactor or and alkylation reactor operable to further upgrade the activation effluent, thereby enhancing yields.

Abstract: Processes for producing liquid transportation fuels by converting a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising both isopentane and n-pentane. The hydrocarbon feed stream is separated into a first fraction that predominantly comprises isopentane and a second fraction that predominantly comprises n-pentane and some C6 paraffins. The first fraction is catalytically activated to an activation effluent comprising olefins and aromatics, while the second fraction is isomerized to convert at least a portion of the n-pentane to isopentane, then combined with the hydrocarbon feed stream to allow the newly-produced isopentane to be separated into the first fraction. The process yields products that are suitable for use as a blend component of liquid transportation fuels.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to processes and systems for producing liquid transportation fuels by converting a feed stream that comprises both isopentane and n-pentane, and optionally, some C6+ hydrocarbons. Isopentane and smaller hydrocarbons are separated to form a first fraction while n-pentane and larger components of the feed stock form a second fraction. Each fraction is then catalytically-activated in a separate reaction zone with a separate catalyst, where the conditions maintained in each zone maximize the conversion of each fraction to olefins and aromatics, while minimizing the production of C1-C4 light paraffins. In certain embodiments, the first fraction is activated at a lower temperature than the second fraction.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to methods and systems for achieving enhanced catalytic performance via the strategic arrangement of multiple catalyst beds in series, where each catalyst bed comprises a compositionally-distinct catalyst, and each catalyst facilitates the conversion of the same structural moieties on the reactant to form the same product. Arranging multiple catalyst beds according to the methods and systems disclosed herein allows a predictable enhancement of conversion of the reactant to product without the need for time-consuming experimentation to test all possible catalysts configurations.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a SSZ/SDC bi-layer electrolyte solid oxide fuel cell, comprising the steps of: fabricating an NiO-YSZ anode substrate from a mixed NiO and yttria-stabilized zirconia by tape casting; sequentially depositing a NiO-SSZ buffer layer, a thin SSZ electrolyte layer and a SDC electrolyte on the NiO-YSZ anode substrate by a particle suspension coating or spraying process, wherein the layers are co-fired at high temperature to densify the electrolyte layers to at least about 96% of their theoretical densities; and painting/spraying a SSC-SDC slurry on the SDC electrolyte to form a porous SSC-SDC cathode. A SSZ/SDC bi-layer electrolyte cell device and a method of using such device are also discussed.

Abstract: A molecular complex comprising wherein X1 and X2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, ester, ketone, amide and aryl groups; R1, R2, R1? and R2? are side chains independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, ester, ketone and aryl groups; R3 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl group, alkoxy group, aryl groups and combinations thereof; and wherein the thiophene groups are unsymmetrical.

Abstract: A method of coupling and 5,5-Y-3,3?-difluoro-2,2?-bithiophene to produce wherein X can be any known compound capable of coupling with the Y-difluorothiophene and Y is selected from the group consisting of Br, a stannyl group, a boronic ester and a H.

Abstract: A polymer comprising: In this polymer R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 are independently selected from H, F, Cl, S, CN, or substituted, unsubstituted, straight-chain, branched, or cyclic alkyls ranging from 1 to 100 carbon atoms. The length of the polymer can range with n from about 1 to about 100,000 repeat units.