Abstract: A system comprising a pretreated hydrocarbon feedstock supply, wherein said pretreated hydrocarbon feedstock supply comprises at least hydrocarbon feedstock and dissolved salts; a wash water supply, wherein said wash water supply comprises at least water; an alkalinity modifier supply, wherein said alkalinity modifier supply comprises at least one alkalinity modifier or solutions thereof; a desalting vessel; a desalted crude outlet, wherein said desalted crude outlet comprises hydrocarbon feedstock with less dissolved salts by weight than the hydrocarbon feedstock in the pretreated hydrocarbon feedstock supply; and a wash water brine outlet, wherein said wash water brine outlet comprises water with more dissolved salts by weight than the water in the wash water supply.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present system describes a system wherein a first fluid is within a tank. An intermittent mixer is used for agitating the first fluid within the tank. At least one data acquisition device within the tank is capable of measuring at least one characteristic within the first fluid. In the embodiment, at least one data analyzer is capable of receiving the characteristics within the first fluid, comparing the characteristics within the first fluid to the characteristics of a second fluid, generating a data packet which contains a calculated operational speed and an operational time needed for the intermittent mixer to agitate the first fluid to obtain the characteristics of the second fluid and transmitting the data packet to the intermittent mixer. In this system the intermittent mixer is capable of altering the first fluid within the tank into the second fluid.

Abstract: A random copolymer comprising the monomer units A, B and C. In this random copolymer A comprises B comprises and C comprises an aryl group. Additionally, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are side chains independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, ester, ketone and aryl groups. X1 and X2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, ester, ketone, amide and aryl groups.

Abstract: Processes and systems for controlling operation of a commercial refinery distillation column and/or splitter operable to separate hydrocarbons. An automated process controller (APC) receives signal from at least one analyzer that provides information about the concentration of at least a first chemical in a first fraction and a second chemical in a second fraction obtained from the distillation column. The APC comprises programming in the form of an algorithm that calculates real-time monetary values for the first chemical and the second chemical and alters the operation of the distillation column to change either the percentage of the first chemical in the second fraction or the percentage of the second chemical in the first fraction, thereby maximizing overall operational profit for the distillation column.

Abstract: A comonomer comprising: wherein W is selected from the group consisting of: S, Se, O, and N-Q; and Q is selected from the group consisting of: a straight-chain or branched carbyl, silyl, or hydrocarbyl, a branched or cyclic alkyl with 1 to 30 atoms, a fused substituted aromatic ring, and a fused unsubstituted aromatic ring. In this comonomer, A and B are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Br, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group.

Abstract: A composition comprising In this composition Ar1 is independently selected from the group consisting of: and Ar2 is selected from Additionally in this composition, R1, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R11, and R12 are independently selected from F, Cl, H, unsubstituted or substituted branched alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and unsubstituted or substituted linear alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms; and the compositional ratio of x/y ranges from about 1/99 to about 99/1, and n ranges from 1 to 1,000,000.

Abstract: Processes and systems that control operation of a commercial refinery distillation column and/or splitter operable to separate hydrocarbons. An automated process controller (APC) receives signal from at least one analyzer that provides information about the concentration of at least a first chemical in a first fraction and a second chemical in a second fraction obtained from the distillation column. The APC comprises programming in the form of an algorithm that calculates real-time monetary values for the first chemical and the second chemical and alters the operation of the distillation column to change either the percentage of the first chemical in the second fraction or the percentage of the second chemical in the first fraction, thereby maximizing overall operational profit for the distillation column.

Abstract: Processes and systems for controlling operation of a commercial refinery distillation column and/or splitter operable to separate hydrocarbons. An automated process controller (APC) receives signal from at least one analyzer that provides information about the concentration of at least a first chemical in a first fraction and a second chemical in a second fraction obtained from the distillation column. The APC comprises programming in the form of an algorithm that calculates real-time monetary values for the first chemical and the second chemical and alters the operation of the distillation column to change either the percentage of the first chemical in the second fraction or the percentage of the second chemical in the first fraction, thereby maximizing overall operational profit for the distillation column.

Abstract: An organic photovoltaic device comprising a polymer: and an acceptor. In this organic photovoltaic device, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halogen, a substituted alkyl, an unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted aryl, an unsubstituted aryl, a substituted heteroaryl and an unsubstituted heteroaryl.

Abstract: A process comprising a heterogenous reaction between a solid metal organic framework supported heteropolyacid catalyst and a hydrocarbon feed to form a modified hydrocarbon stream. The modified hydrocarbon stream comprises essentially of C6+ hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A random copolymer comprising the monomer units A and B. In this random copolymer A comprises and B comprises Additionally, R1 R2, R3 and R4 are side chains independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, ester, ketone and aryl groups. X1 and X2 are different and at least one is a Cl and the other is selected from the group consisting of: H, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, ester, ketone, amide and aryl groups.

Abstract: A random copolymer comprising the monomer units A, B and C. In this random copolymer A comprises B comprises and C comprises an aryl group. Additionally, R1 R2, R3 and R4 are side chains independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, ester, ketone and aryl groups. X1 and X2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, ester, ketone, amide and aryl groups.

Abstract: A random copolymer comprising the monomer units A and B. In this random copolymer A comprises and B comprises Additionally, R1 R2, R3 and R4 are side chains independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, ester, ketone and aryl groups. X1 and X2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, ester, ketone, amide and aryl groups.

Abstract: A process for producing liquid transportation fuels in a petroleum refinery while preventing or minimizing corrosion of refinery process equipment. Spectral data selected from mid-infrared spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, or both is obtained and converted to wavelets coefficients data. A pattern recognition genetic algorithm is then trained to recognize subtle features in the wavelet coefficients data to allow classification of crude samples into one of two groups based on corrosion propensity. One of several actions is taken depending upon the measured corrosion propensity of the potential feed stock in order to prevent or minimize corrosion while producing one or more liquid hydrocarbon fuels.

Abstract: A process for converting a first hydrocarbon feed stream to one or more liquid transportation fuels in a petroleum refinery where the feed stream is analyzed by at least one analytical method to produce data that is transformed to wavelet coefficients data. A pattern recognition algorithm is trained to recognize subtle features in the wavelet coefficients data that are associated with an attribute of the feed stream. The trained pattern recognition algorithm then rapidly classifies potential hydrocarbon feed streams as a member of either a first group or a second group where the second group comprises hydrocarbon feed streams where the attribute or chemical characteristic at or above a predetermined threshold value. This classification allows rapid decisions to be made regarding utilization of the feedstock in the refinery that may include altering at least one variable in the operation of the refinery.

Abstract: A cathode in a solid oxide fuel cell containing AgPrCoO3. The operating temperature range of the cathode is from about 400° C. to about 850° C.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell comprising an anode layer, an electrolyte layer, and a two phased cathode layer. The two phased cathode layer comprises praseodymium and gadolinium-doped ceria. Additionally, the solid oxide fuel cell does not contain a barrier layer.

Abstract: A polymer comprising In this polymer, R, R?, and R? are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, ester, ketone and aryl groups. Additionally, in this polymer X and X? are independently selected from aryl groups.

Abstract: A method comprised of combining form a solution containing a polymer In this polymer R, R?, and R? are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, ester, ketone and aryl groups; and X is selected from aryl groups.

Abstract: A process and system for the conversion of a feedstock comprising C3-C5 light alkanes to a C5+ hydrocarbon product, for example, a BTX-rich hydrocarbon product, by performing the alkane activation (first-stage) and the oligomerization/aromatization (second-stage) in separate stages, which allows each conversion process to occur at optimal reaction conditions thus increasing the overall hydrocarbon product yield. The alkane activation or first-stage is operated at a higher temperature than the second-stage since light alkanes are much less reactive than light olefins. Since aromatization of olefins is more efficient at higher pressure, the second-stage is maintained at a higher pressure than the first-stage. Further, fixed-bed catalysts are used in each of the first-stage and the second-stage.