Abstract: The disclosure relates to a carbon-based electrode material that has been graphitized to hold ions in the electrode of a battery and more particularly include carbide or carbide and nitride surfaces that protect the graphite core. The preferred batteries include metal ion such as lithium ion batteries where the carbon-based electrode is the anode although the carbon-based electrode may also serve in dual ion batteries where both electrodes may comprise the graphitized carbon-based electrodes. The electrodes are more amorphous than conventional graphite electrodes and include a carbide or nitride containing surface treatment.

Abstract: A polymer comprising: In this embodiment, R? and R?, can be independently selected from the group consisting of: a halogen, a substituted alkyl, an unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted aryl, and an unsubstituted aryl. Additionally, X1 and X2 can be independently selected from the group consisting of: O, S, Se, N—R, and Si—R—R. Lastly, Ar and Ar? can be identical or different and can be independently selected from the group consisting of: a substituted aryl, and an unsubstituted aryl.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a carbon-based electrode material that has been graphitized to hold ions in the electrode of a battery and more particularly include carbide or carbide and nitride surfaces that protect the graphite core. The preferred batteries include metal ion such as lithium ion batteries where the carbon-based electrode is the anode although the carbon-based electrode may also serve in dual ion batteries where both electrodes may comprise the graphitized carbon-based electrodes. The electrodes are more amorphous than conventional graphite electrodes and include a carbide or nitride containing surface treatment.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to methods for preparing carbon materials which can be used in battery electrodes. More specifically, embodiments relate to methods for preparing nano-ordered carbon products used as anode materials in metal-ion batteries, such as a sodium-ion battery. In one or more embodiments, a method for preparing a nano-ordered carbon is provided and includes exposing a liquid refinery hydrocarbon product to a first functionalization agent to produce a first solid functionalized product during a first functionalization process and purifying the first solid functionalized product during a purification process. The method also includes exposing the first solid functionalized product to a second functionalization agent to produce a second solid functionalized product during a second functionalization process and carbonizing the second solid functionalized product to produce a solid nano-ordered carbon product during a carbonization process.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to methods for preparing carbon materials which can be used in battery electrodes. More specifically, embodiments relate to methods for preparing nano-ordered carbon products used as anode materials in metal-ion batteries, such as a lithium-ion battery. In one or more embodiments, a method includes exposing a liquid refinery hydrocarbon product to a first functionalization agent to produce a first solid functionalized product during a first functionalization process and exposing the first solid functionalized product to a second functionalization agent to produce a second solid functionalized product during a second functionalization process. Each of the first and second functionalization agents independently contains an element selected from oxygen, sulfur, phosphorous, nitrogen, or any combination thereof. The method also includes carbonizing the second solid functionalized product at a temperature of about 1,000° C. to about 1,400° C.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to methods for preparing carbon materials which can be used in battery electrodes. In one or more embodiments, a method for preparing an anode carbon material is provided and includes combining a liquid refinery hydrocarbon product and a solvent to produce a first mixture, combining the first mixture and a first oxidizing agent containing an acid to produce a second mixture containing the liquid refinery hydrocarbon product, the solvent, and the first oxidizing agent, and heating the second mixture to produce a reaction mixture containing an oxidized solid product during an oxidation process. The method also includes separating the oxidized solid product from the reaction mixture during a separation process and carbonizing the oxidized solid product to produce a hard carbon product during a carbonization process.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to methods for preparing carbon materials which can be used in battery electrodes. More specifically, embodiments relate to methods for preparing nano-ordered carbon products used as anode materials in metal-ion batteries, such as a sodium-ion battery. In some embodiments, a method includes fractioning an initial refinery hydrocarbon product during a fractionation process to produce a liquid refinery hydrocarbon product and a heavy refinery hydrocarbon product. The method includes exposing either or both refinery hydrocarbon products to a first functionalization agent to produce a first solid functionalized product during a first functionalization process and purifying the first solid functionalized product during a purification process.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to methods for preparing carbon materials which can be used in battery electrodes. More specifically, embodiments relate to methods for preparing hard carbon materials used as anode materials in metal-ion batteries, such as a sodium-ion battery. In one or more embodiments, a method includes exposing a liquid refinery hydrocarbon product to a first functionalization agent containing sulfur to produce a first solid functionalized product containing sulfur during a first functionalization process. The method further includes purifying the first solid functionalized product during a purification process and exposing the first solid functionalized product to a second functionalization agent containing oxygen to produce a second solid functionalized product containing sulfur and oxygen during a second functionalization process.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to carbon materials for battery electrodes and methods for preparing such carbon materials. More specifically, embodiments relate to coated nano-ordered carbon particles and methods for coating a carbon film onto carbonaceous particles to produce the coated nano-ordered carbon particles which can be used as an anode material within a rechargeable battery, such as a sodium-ion battery, other types of batteries. In one or more embodiments, a method for producing coated nano-ordered carbon particles is provided and includes exposing a carbon-containing material to an expanding agent to produce expanded carbonaceous particles during an expanding process, heating the expanded carbonaceous particles during an annealing process, and depositing a carbon film on the nano-ordered carbon particles to produce coated nano-ordered carbon particles during a carbon coating process.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to carbon materials for battery electrodes and methods for preparing such carbon materials. More specifically, embodiments relate to methods for coating a carbon film onto nano-ordered carbon particles to produce carbon-coated particles which can be used as an anode material within a battery, such as a lithium-ion battery, a sodium-ion battery, other types of batteries. In one or more embodiments, a method for producing carbon-coated particles is provided and includes positioning nano-ordered carbon particles within a processing region of a processing chamber, purging the processing region containing the nano-ordered carbon particles with an inert gas, heating the nano-ordered carbon particles to a temperature of about 700° C. or greater during an annealing process, and depositing a carbon film on the nano-ordered carbon particles to produce carbon-coated particles during a vapor deposition process.

Abstract: A method for determining the oxygen surface exchange property of a material in a solid oxide fuel cell. The method begins by first receiving a data stream comprising of continuous weight measurements of the material and time measurements of when the continuous weight measurements of the material are taken. While receiving the data stream an oxygen concentration test is performed which involves: flowing a degradation gas flow onto the cathode material while simultaneously increasing the temperature of the primary gas flow to a set temperature, flowing the degradation gas flow onto the material at the set temperature, stopping the degradation gas flow and starting a primary gas flow at the set temperature, flowing the primary gas flow onto the material at the set temperature, and stopping the primary gas flow and starting a secondary gas flow at the set temperature. This data stream is then displayed analyzing the weight change of the material over time.

Abstract: A process for producing liquid transportation fuels in a petroleum refinery while avoiding the usage of crude oil feed stock that characterized by a fouling thermal resistance having the potential to foul refinery processes and equipment. Spectral data selected from NIR, NMR or both is obtained and converted to wavelets coefficients data. A genetic algorithm (or support vector machines) is then trained to recognize subtle features in the wavelet coefficients data to allow classification of crude samples into one of two groups based on fouling potential. Rapid classification of a potential crude oil feed stock according to its fouling potential prevents the utilization of feed stocks characterized by increased fouling potential in a petroleum refinery to produce liquid transportation fuels.

Abstract: A process for decreasing contamination of a commercial refining process by vanadyl porphyrins and/or nickel porphyrins by allowing rapid screening of porphyrins directly from asphaltenes isolated from crude oil without enrichment by use of positive-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS). Sodium formate is utilized as a ESI spray modifier. The vanadyl porphyrins are detected predominantly as sodiated species, while nickel porphyrins are observed as both sodiated species and molecular ions. Crude oil feedstocks exceeding a defined threshold concentration of vanadyl porphyrins and/or nickel porphyrins are rejected or diluted prior to utilization as refinery feedstock. Certain embodiments additionally quantitate both deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrins and etioporphyrin content (and their ratio) to predict crude oil thermal maturity.

Abstract: A process for activating a hydrogenation catalyst comprising nickel to produce a selective hydrogenation catalyst, comprising contacting the hydrogenation catalyst with a mixed gas comprising and hydrogen sulfide and periodically increasing the temperature of the mixed gas in increments until the mixed gas reaches a temperature that facilities the efficient catalytic hydrogenation of both acetylene and butadiene by the modified catalyst, while the modified catalyst is simultaneously characterized by low selectivity for the hydrogenation of ethylene. The disclosure further claims a process that utilizes the modified catalyst to selectively hydrogenate acetylene and butadiene contaminants in a raw light olefin stream produced by thermal cracking, thereby extending the useful catalytic lifespan of a downstream oligomerization catalyst that converts the light olefins stream to a liquid transportation fuel, or a blend stock thereof.

Abstract: Data acquired by numerous wireless sensors in a large industrial setting is communicated to the operations center via nodes in defined geographic cells where the signals from the sensors may be depowered to naturally attenuate below the perception of most other receiving nodes in the industrial system. It would be optimal that signals would attenuate sufficiently such that most signals in a cell are not discernible to receiving nodes in adjacent cells, but some sensors near the boundary of a cell will probably have to be set at sufficient power that the nearest adjacent receiving cell would necessarily perceive the signal. Data rejection protocols would exclude data from outside a cell and the advantage of the invention is that it minimizes the volume of errant signals leading to more reliable and robust data for operators.

Abstract: Data acquired by numerous wireless sensors in a large industrial setting is communicated to the operations center via nodes in defined geographic cells where the signals from the sensors may be depowered to naturally attenuate below the perception of most other receiving nodes in the industrial system. It would be optimal that signals would attenuate sufficiently such that most signals in a cell are not discernible to receiving nodes in adjacent cells, but some sensors near the boundary of a cell will probably have to be set at sufficient power that the nearest adjacent receiving cell would necessarily perceive the signal. Data rejection protocols would exclude data from outside a cell and the advantage of the invention is that it minimizes the volume of errant signals leading to more reliable and robust data for operators.

Abstract: A polymer comprising wherein m+n=1.

Abstract: Data acquired by numerous wireless sensors in a large industrial setting is communicated to the operations center via nodes in defined geographic cells where the signals from the sensors may be depowered to naturally attenuate below the perception of most other receiving nodes in the industrial system. It would be optimal that signals would attenuate sufficiently such that most signals in a cell are not discernible to receiving nodes in adjacent cells, but some sensors near the boundary of a cell will probably have to be set at sufficient power that the nearest adjacent receiving cell would necessarily perceive the signal. Data rejection protocols would exclude data from outside a cell and the advantage of the invention is that it minimizes the volume of errant signals leading to more reliable and robust data for operators.

Abstract: A method of combining different materials to produce the comonomer wherein X1 and X2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: F, Cl, H, and combinations thereof and wherein R1 is independently selected from unsubstituted or substituted branched alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms and unsubstituted or substituted linear alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A repeat unit comprising In the repeat unit, X1 and X2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: F, Cl, H, and combinations thereof. Additionally, in this monomer, R? and R? are independently selected from an alkyl group, an aryl group, or combinations thereof. Also, R3, and R4 are independently selected from unsubstituted or substituted branched alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms and unsubstituted or substituted linear alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms.