Abstract: Systems and processes for blending at least one finished gasoline from a refined petroleum product comprising at least one neat gasoline with ethanol and optionally butane utilizing a blend model that calculates a volumetric blend ratio comprising at least one neat gasoline, ethanol and optionally, butane. The blend model utilizes estimated values for the octane number and the volatility of the ethanol and butane when calculating the volumetric blend ratio.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are processes and reaction systems for controlling a temperature of an oligomerization reaction zone using a heat exchange system.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process and system for preparing a catalyst slurry. The process can include preparing a catalyst slurry comprising a solid particulate catalyst and a carrier liquid in a catalyst slurry preparation system. The catalyst slurry preparation system can include a mixing vessel, a rotatable impeller system connected to the mixing vessel, and a motor connected to the rotatable impeller system. The rotatable impeller system can include an agitator shaft and a hub connected to the agitator shaft. The hub and at least a portion of the agitator shaft are positioned within the mixing vessel along a longitudinal axis of the mixing vessel, and the hub has at least three blades.

Abstract: A process for producing liquid transportation fuels in a petroleum refinery while preventing or minimizing corrosion of refinery process equipment. Spectral data selected from mid-infrared spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, or both is obtained and converted to wavelets coefficients data. A pattern recognition genetic algorithm is then trained to recognize subtle features in the wavelet coefficients data to allow classification of crude samples into one of two groups based on corrosion propensity. One of several actions is taken depending upon the measured corrosion propensity of the potential feed stock in order to prevent or minimize corrosion while producing one or more liquid hydrocarbon fuels.

Abstract: A gas-phase polymerization system and a solids recovery system for a fluidized bed reactor. The fluidized bed reactor can include a fluidizing gas outlet from which a discharged mixture of fluidizing gas and polymer fines is released, and a cyclone separator can separate the polymer fines from the fluidizing gas for reentry into the fluidized bed reactor. It has been found that by situating the reactor entry nozzle of the fines return line which is closest to the gas-phase reaction zone significantly higher in the reaction zone than in a conventional fines return line, and by directionally orientating the incoming stream of polymer fines and carrier gas into the fluidized bed in the reaction zone, a significant increase in the residence time of the particle in the reaction and larger particles which meet a product size distribution specifications are achieved.

Abstract: Disclosed is a heteroatomic ligand-metal compound complex transition-state model which has been developed for activity, purity, and/or selectivity for selective ethylene oligomerizations, and density functional theory calculations for determining heteroatomic ligand-metal compound complex reactivity, product purity, and/or selectivity for ethylene trimerizations and/or tetramerizations. Using reaction ground states and transition states, and/or reaction ground states and transition states in combination with the energetic span model, this disclosure reveals that a chromium chromacycle mechanism, there are multiple ground states and multiple transition states, which can account for activity, purity, and/or selectivity for selective ethylene oligomerizations.

Abstract: A purge system for a polymerization system may include a purge column including a stripping zone and a stripping fluid distributor below the stripping zone for injecting a stripping fluid including one or more light olefins. A first displacement zone is below the distributor. A second displacement zone is below the first displacement zone. A nitrogen distributor introduces nitrogen in the second displacement zone. Another purge system for a polymerization system may include a fluidized bed separator and a purge column. The fluidized bed separator includes a separator inlet, a stripping fluid inlet, a first stripped fluid outlet, and a separator outlet. The purge column includes a flake inlet, a stripping zone, a stripping fluid distributor below the stripping zone, a stripped flake outlet, and a second stripped fluid outlet for a second stripped fluid from the purge column.

Abstract: A system for processing plastic waste may include a feed line, a feed fractionator, a hydrotreater, a catalytic reforming unit, a heavy oil cracker, and a steam cracker. A pyrolyzed plastics feed is separated into light, medium, and heavy hydrocarbon streams. The hydrotreater removes sulfur, and the catalytic reforming unit produces a circular aromatic-rich stream. The heavy oil cracker generates cracked streams. The steam cracker produces a circular olefin stream from a cracked stream. A system for processing plastic waste may include the feed line, the feed fractionator, the hydrotreater, a medium hydrocarbon fractionator, the catalytic reforming unit, a full-range reforming unit, the heavy oil cracker, and the steam cracker. The medium hydrocarbon fractionator produces two hydrocarbon streams. The full-range naphtha reforming unit produces a second circular aromatic-rich stream.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to for estimating the end-of-life of a furnace catalyst bed. A method may include extracting first measurements of a furnace catalyst bed; determining time-period averages of the extracted first measurements of the furnace catalyst bed over multiple time periods; determining a catalyst activity indicative of an efficiency of a selective reduction catalyst in reducing NOx concentrations for the furnace catalyst bed at a first time; generating a first linear regression of the catalyst activity based on averages of the multiple time periods; and generating a health score of the furnace catalyst bed at a second time based on the first linear regression, the health score indicative of an estimated end-of-life of the furnace catalyst bed.

Abstract: This invention relates to the lubrication of a wheel support 10. The wheel support 10 comprises support 10 comprises a housing 12 that includes a base portion 14 defining a cavity 16 for receiving therein at least one gear 40, and lubricant for lubricating the gear 40. Opposing first and second arm members 18.1, 18.2 extend respectively from the base portion 14. A free end of each arm member 18.1, 18.2 includes a bearing receiving formation 20.1, 20.2 for receiving therein a bearing. The wheel support 10 further comprises internal lubricant feed means 22, defined in the housing 12, and that extends internally from the base portion 14 into at least one of the arm members 18.1 or 18.2 for feeding lubricant operatively received from a lubricant supply, internally, via the base portion 14, to the bearing receiving formation 20.1 or 20.2 associated with the at least one arm member 18.1 or 18.2.

Abstract: A process for removing or reducing the accumulation of fouling deposits within furnaces and heat exchangers in industrial systems by introducing a periodic steam blast. The steam blast is directed into the process fluid from which fouling deposits precipitate onto the heat exchanger surfaces. The steam blast increases the flow rates, creates turbulence and increases the temperature within the heat exchanger to dislodge foulant in both soft and hardened states from internal surfaces upon which foulants have adhered and accumulated.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and processes for distributing reactor coolant flow to the cooling jackets of a loop slurry reactor, where the reactor coolant is used to control the temperature of the loop slurry reactor in olefin polymerization. Also disclosed are systems and processes for controlling the temperature of the reactor coolant that is used for cooling olefin polymerization reactors, which can be used in combination with traditional coolant distribution regimes and in combination with the coolant distribution systems and processes that are disclosed herein.

Abstract: Methods for making titanated silica supports, titanated chromium/silica pre-catalysts, and activated titanated chromium/silica catalysts are disclosed in which hydrogen peroxide and an alkali metal precursor are used during catalyst preparation. Resulting titanated chromium/silica pre-catalysts often contain silica, 0.1 to 5 wt. % chromium, 0.1 to 10 wt. % titanium, and less than or equal to 4 wt. % carbon, and further contain a bound alkali metal or zinc at a molar ratio of alkali metal:titanium or zinc:titanium from 0.02:1 to 3:1 and/or at an amount in a range from 0.01 to 2 mmol of alkali metal or zinc per gram of the silica. High melt index potential activated titanated chromium/silica catalysts can be used to polymerize olefins to produce, for example, ethylene based homopolymers and copolymers having HLMI values of greater than 30 g/10 min.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to the production of chemicals and plastics using pyrolysis oil from the pyrolysis of plastic waste as a co-feedstock along with a petroleum-based, fossil fuel-based, or bio-based feedstock. In an aspect, the polymers and chemicals produced according to this disclosure can be certified under International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) provisions as circular polymers and chemicals at any point along complex chemical reaction pathways. The use of a mass balance approach which attributes the pounds of pyrolyzed plastic products derived from pyrolysis oil to any output stream of a given unit has been developed, which permits ISCC certification agency approval.

Abstract: Processes for producing ethylene-based polymers and oligomers from ethanol include the steps of contacting the ethanol and a catalyst to produce a reaction mixture containing ethylene, wherein a first portion of the ethanol is derived from a biomass and a second portion of the ethanol is derived from a plastic, a mixed solid waste stream, or a combination thereof, separating at least a portion of the ethylene from the reaction mixture, and contacting ethylene with a suitable polymerization or oligomerization catalyst composition to produce the ethylene polymer or ethylene oligomers. A related process for producing ethylene-based polymers and oligomers uses a first ethylene feed derived from ethanol and a second ethylene feed derived from a plastic, a mixed solid waste stream, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed are metallocene compounds, catalyst compositions comprising at least one metallocene compound, processes for polymerizing olefins, methods for making catalyst compositions, olefin polymers and articles made from olefin polymers. In an aspect, a metallocene compound and catalyst composition are disclosed in which the metallocene contains at least one indenyl ligand, the indenyl ligand containing at least one halogenated substituent, such as a fluorinated substituent. These metallocene compounds and catalyst compositions can produce polyethylene having unexpectedly low levels of short chain branching.

Abstract: Supported chromium catalysts with an average valence less than +6 and having a hydrocarbon-containing or halogenated hydrocarbon-containing ligand attached to at least one bonding site on the chromium are disclosed, as well as ethylene-based polymers with terminal alkane, aromatic, or halogenated hydrocarbon chain ends. Another ethylene polymer characterized by at least 2 wt. % of the polymer having a molecular weight greater than 1,000,000 g/mol and at least 1.5 wt. % of the polymer having a molecular weight less than 1000 g/mol is provided, as well as an ethylene homopolymer with at least 3.5 methyl short chain branches and less than 0.6 butyl short chain branches per 1000 total carbon atoms.

Abstract: A depth setter tool includes a spacer having an inner diameter sized to fit around a shank of a driver bit such that the spacer can rotate about an axis passing through a center of the driver bit and independently of the driver bit. The spacer further includes an opening extending along an entire length of the spacer from a first end of the spacer to a second end of the spacer. The opening provides access to the inner diameter thereby allowing the spacer to be engaged onto the shank of the driver bit. The depth setter tool also includes a stopper. In an example, the stopper is donut-shaped and includes a compliant material that engages around the first end of the spacer.

Abstract: Methods for making a supported chromium catalyst are disclosed, and can comprise contacting a silica-coated alumina containing at least 30 wt. % silica with a chromium-containing compound in a liquid, drying, and calcining in an oxidizing atmosphere at a peak temperature of at least 650° C. to form the supported chromium catalyst. The supported chromium catalyst can contain from 0.01 to 20 wt. % chromium, and typically can have a pore volume from 0.5 to 2 mL/g and a BET surface area from 275 to 550 m2/g. The supported chromium catalyst subsequently can be used to polymerize olefins to produce, for example, ethylene-based homopolymers and copolymers having high molecular weights and broad molecular weight distributions.

Abstract: Processes for producing a linear internal olefin product include the steps of contacting an olefin feed containing C10-C20 vinylidenes and a C10-C20 normal alpha olefin and/or C10-C20 linear internal olefins, a first acid catalyst, and a C1 to C18 carboxylic acid to form a first reaction product containing linear internal olefins, trisubstituted olefins, and secondary esters, then removing all or a portion of the secondary esters from the first reaction product, followed by contacting the secondary esters and a second acid catalyst to form a second reaction product comprising linear internal olefins, and then removing all or a portion of the linear internal olefins from the second reaction product to form the linear internal olefin product. Linear alkanes subsequently can be produced by hydrogenating the linear internal olefin product to form a linear alkane product.