Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, to reproduce a target color in an output device. In one aspect, the output device can include display elements and a processor. The processor can be configured to (a) receive data on the target color to be reproduced, (b) select the display element associated with the highest brightness, (c) determine a portion of the target color to be reproduced by the selected display element, (d) calculate a remaining amount of the target color, (e) use the display element having the next highest brightness as the selected display element of (c), and (f) repeat (c) to (e) iteratively until all display elements have been selected or the remaining amount of the target color is below a threshold.

Abstract: Pixels that include display elements that are configured with different structural dimensions corresponding to the color of light they provide are disclosed. In one implementation, a display device includes an array having a plurality of electromechanical pixels disposed on a substrate, each pixel including at least a first display element and a second display element. Each of the first and second display elements interferometrically modulating light by moving a reflective element between a relaxed position spaced apart from the substrate to an actuated position further away from the substrate than the relaxed position by applying a voltage across the reflective element and a stationary electrode. The stationary electrode of each display element is sized to provide actuation of the movable reflective element using the same actuation voltage even though the electrical gap through which the reflective element moves is different within a pixel.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for use in an autostereoscopic display system. In one aspect, a display device can include a pixel array having a first set of pixels configured to display image data for a viewer's right eye and a second set of pixels configured to display image data for a viewer's left eye. The pixels of the first set can be interspersed amongst the pixels of the second set. A prismatic array can be positioned forward of the pixel array and can have a plurality of prisms coupled to the pixel array. Each prism can be aligned with a pixel from the first set of pixels and a pixel from the second set of pixels. The prisms can be configured to selectively guide light from the pixels to an associated one of the left or right eyes, thereby forming a 3D image.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for writing a display image to a display having an array of pixels according to a selected driving sequence. In one aspect, display elements in a row are driven using a tall and narrow voltage pulse. This allows display elements of a row to be driven in a shorter line time.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods, systems, and apparatus for directing incident light toward central regions of interferometric modulator displays. In one aspect, a display includes an array of microlenses embedded in a substrate adjacent a first surface of the substrate. An array of light modulators can be disposed over the first surface of the substrate. A light modulator can be disposed over a corresponding microlens. The microlenses can converge or concentrate incident light onto central regions of the corresponding light modulators. The microlenses may include single-element lenses, compound lenses, and/or graded-index lenses. Various methods of manufacturing such displays are also disclosed.

Abstract: Embodiments of an interferometric modulator are disclosed having various enhancements and features including a conductive bus. In certain embodiments, the interferometric modulator has a first conductive layer suspended over a second electrode layer. In certain embodiments, a second conductive layer is provided over the first conductive layer. One of the first and/or second conductive buses may further connect to the first electrode layer and/or the second electrode layer. Other disclosed features can be incorporated into embodiments of the interferometric modulator to improve response time, power consumption, and image resolution.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for electromechanical systems devices including one or more storage capacitors. In one aspect, a device includes a substrate structure, a movable element configured to move relative to the substrate structure, and at least one switch. The movable element includes a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer that form a storage capacitor. The switch is configured to control a flow of charge between a source and the storage capacitor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for storing image data for successive frames in a frame buffer. Specifically, the method and apparatus allow for a display-sized frame buffer to be utilized where a host system provides image data in a format different from that which the display requires to be written to it while retaining the beneficial aspects of concurrent read and write operations from and to the frame buffer. Using this method a buffer controller receives image data from a host system in a first format (e.g. row-by-row) and writes it to the frame buffer in the first format. When the buffer is completely filled with the first frame, it is read out in a second format (e.g. column-by-column) by the buffer controller and provided to a display driver that writes the data to the display.

Abstract: This disclosure provides mechanical layers and methods of forming the same. In one aspect, a method of forming a pixel includes depositing a black mask on a substrate, depositing an optical stack over the black mask, and forming a mechanical layer over the optical stack. The black mask is disposed along at least a portion of a side of the pixel, and the mechanical layer defines a cavity between the mechanical layer and the optical stack. The mechanical layer includes a reflective layer, a dielectric layer, and a cap layer, and the dielectric layer is disposed between the reflective layer and the cap layer. The method further includes forming a notch in the dielectric layer of the mechanical layer along the side of the pixel so as to reduce the overlap of the dielectric layer with the black mask along the side of the pixel.

Abstract: An integrated illumination apparatus includes a light injection portion having a first end for receiving light from a light source. The light injection portion includes material that supports propagation of said light along the length of the light injection portion. Turning microstructure is disposed on a first side of the light injection. The turning microstructure is configured to turn at least a substantial portion of light incident on the first side and to direct the portion of the light out a second opposite side of the light injection portion. A slit is disposed along the length of the light injection portion. The slit forms an optical interface on the second opposite side of the light injection portion that provides total internal reflection for light propagating along the length of the light injection portion to be guided therein. The optical interface further transmits light turned by said turning microstructure.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for making and using gyroscopes. Some gyroscopes include a drive frame, a central anchor and a plurality of drive beams disposed on opposing sides of the central anchor. The drive beams may connect the drive frame to the central anchor. The drive beams may include a piezoelectric layer and may be configured to cause the drive frame to oscillate torsionally in a plane of the drive beams. The gyroscope may also include a proof mass and a plurality of piezoelectric sense beams. At least some components may be formed from plated metal. The drive frame may be disposed within the proof mass. The drive beams may constrain the drive frame to rotate substantially in the plane of the drive beams. Such devices may be included in a mobile device, such as a mobile display device.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for improving the visual appearance of displayed images at high frame rates by skipping writing lines of display data. In one aspect, clusters of changed image regions are detected, and lines are preferentially written when such clusters are detected.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatuses for providing a boron nitride layer in a cavity of an optical electromechanical systems (EMS) device. The boron nitride layer can be deposited, for example using ALD, after removal of the sacrificial layer to define an EMS cavity. The boron nitride layer may reduce stiction between a first and second electrode structure of the EMS device.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for glass via bars that can be used in compact three-dimensional packages, including embedded wafer level packages. The glass via bars can provide high density electrical interconnections in a package. In some implementations, the glass via bars can include integrated passive components. Methods of fabricating glass via bars are provided. In some implementations, the methods can include patterning and etching photo-patternable glass substrates. Packaging methods employing glass via bars are also provided.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for a thin film stack with surface-conditioning buffer layers. In one aspect, the thin film stack includes a plurality of thin film layers each having a thickness greater than about 10 nm and a plurality of surface-conditioning buffer layers each having a thickness between about 1 nm and about 10 nm. The surface-conditioning buffer layers are alternatingly disposed between the thin film layers. Each of the surface-conditioning buffer layers are formed with the same or substantially the same thickness and composition. In some implementations, the surface-conditioning buffer layers are formed by atomic layer deposition.

Abstract: This disclosure provides implementations of filters and filter topologies, circuits, structures, devices, apparatus, systems, and related processes. In one aspect, a device includes one or more LC resonant circuit stages. In some implementations, each LC stage includes an inductor and a capacitor. Each LC stage also has a corresponding resonant frequency. The one or more LC stages are arranged to produce an unmodified passband over a range of frequencies having a corresponding bandwidth. One or more microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators are arranged with the one or more LC stages. The one or more MEMS resonators are arranged with the one or more LC stages so as to modify characteristics of the unmodified passband such that the hybrid filter produces a modified passband having a modified bandwidth and one or more other modified band characteristics.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a channel waveguide, at least a portion of which is disposed within a viewing area of an interactive display, proximate to and substantially parallel to a user interface surface of the interactive display. A source of a first electromagnetic or acoustic signal is input to the channel waveguide. At least one detector is configured to receive, from the channel waveguide, a second signal corresponding to the first signal and to output a third signal indicative of a position of an object proximate to the channel waveguide.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for low-profile lighting systems. In one aspect, an LED-based light engine, which may be thinner and/or lighter than conventional light engines, may be retained in both conventionally-dimensioned and low-profile light fixtures. In another aspect, a light engine can include both convective and conductive heat transfer components, the efficacy of which will vary based on the dimensions of a light fixture in which the light engine is installed.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus related to an electromechanical display device. In one aspect, an analog interferometric modulator includes a display pixel having a movable reflector, and a movable absorbing layer. The movable absorbing layer is positionable at a variable first distance from an electrode that is substantially transparent over a visible wavelength spectrum. The movable reflector is positionable at a variable second distance from the movable absorbing layer. Changing the first distance and the second distance changes a characteristic of light reflected from the display element.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for glass via bars that can be used in compact three-dimensional packages, including package-on-packages (PoPs). The glass via bars can provide high density electrical interconnections in the PoPs. In some implementations, the glass via bars can include integrated passive components. Packaging methods employing glass via bars are also provided.