Abstract: For skelp to make pipe having a seam butt-joined as by electrical resistance or submerged arc welding, skelp is made by pouring a base melt of rimming steel into an ingot mold to about 80 to 95% full and then after a shell of rimmed steel has solidified against the mold wall, completing pouring of the same melt while adding further material to the molten core, e.g. more C or Mn, and Al or the like for killing, so that the solidified ingot has a core of desired high strength, killed or semi-killed steel. The ingot is processed to desired skelp by hot rolling, the top and bottom regions being suitably cropped, so that the skelp has a main body of the high strength steel, bordered lengthwise by integral edge zones, e.g. 1/2 inch or more wide, of the rimmed steel, free of unwanted inclusions. When rolled to pipe shape, with finished edges, the edge zones are electrically butt welded, such operation being effected with unusual facility.

Abstract: High strength, low alloy steel is produced, preferably as a hot rolled article (e.g. strip), to have a rimmed skin of essentially ferrite while having a main body or core which is aluminum-killed and comprises, for superior mechanical properties including yield strength, a suitable quantity of columbium and/or vanadium. The carbon, manganese and sulfur contents of the base metal, which provides the skin and plus the addition, the core, are preferably limited to provide special results as low alloy steel and also, by the same limitations, to provide auto sulfide shape control and thus to avoid unwanted directionality regarding toughness and bendability. The steel is made by pouring a mold 80-95% full of the base composition, then allowing the steel to rim for several minutes, and after a shell has solidified, continuing to pour while adding Al and Cb or V to the teemed stream, thereby providing an ingot with the above killed core, which can be hot reduced as desired.

Abstract: An immersion tin plating bath composition permits high speed plating of tin over zinc and zinc alloy coated steel. The bath consists of stannous ion, a mineral acid, a surfactant consisting of nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol and Guar gum resin as a bodying agent. The combination of the surfactant and bodying agent makes it possible to obtain an adherent tin coating of minimum porosity and controlled, uniform thickness on a continuous basis by roll coating application.

Abstract: Steels such as standard carbon or alloy types that have too much carbon, i.e. 0.15% or (notably) more, to be rimmed, are produced in improved form by pouring a base melt of such steel which includes manganese up to 1.75% and other alloying elements if desired, and is sufficiently deoxidized, as with Si or Al, to be partially killed but not fully killed. Such pouring in an ingot mold is initially up to 80 to 95% full, under circumstances such that a shell solidifies, and pouring is continued, while adding into the still-molten core sufficient aluminum at least to kill the core and also as desired, other alloying or useful elements. The solidified ingot ultimately yields hot rolled bar products which are essentially aluminum-killed steel but have a partially killed skin and have superior surface conditions lacking blow holes, and being very appropriate for bar stock.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for electrogalvanizing one or both sides of a steel workpiece are disclosed. A series of insoluble apertured plating anodes are positioned in spaced relation to the workpiece. When one side is to be plated one or more anodes are preferably mounted above the strip and when both sides are plated, anodes are mounted both above and below the strip. Solution is pumped through the holes in the anodes to momentarily contact the workpiece and they fall into a sump to be recirculated. A potential difference between the anode or anodes and the workpiece causes current flow through the electrolyte solution to electroplate the workpiece. Solution collection by the sump is directed to a reaction station for replenishment of the zinc metal ion. The solution is then filtered back to a main reservoir tank from which it is again pumped to the plating anodes.

Abstract: A new precipitation hardened, high strength plate product has been developed that attains 80 ksi minimum strength together with excellent toughness, high formability and weldability without heat treatment or the need to cool at rates faster than air cooling. The optimum mechanical properties are achieved by a critical balance of carbon in the range of from 0.20-0.26%, manganese in the range of from 1.0-1.7%, vanadium in the range of from 0.08-0.20%, and at least one of from 0.01 to 0.025 nitrogen and from 0.01 to 0.10 columbium, processing the steel to obtain interphase precipitation strengthening, and by a controlled rolling procedure in which there is no substantial rolling below the Ar.sub.3 temperature.

Abstract: A method for efficiently and effectively continuously electrolytically pickling a steel strip by subjecting the strip to the action of direct current in an aqueous neutral salt pickling solution wherein the strip to be pickled forms a conductor between the neutral salt pickling solution containing the cell cathode and an anolyte containing the cell anode wherein the anolyte is electrically isolated from the neutral salt pickling solution.

Abstract: A coke delivery device 10 includes a swingable chute 16 for guiding coke pushed from a coke oven through a coke rack 12 into a quench car 24.The chute 16 is drivingly interconnected with a moveable fume hood 14 whereby lowering the fume hood over the quench car positions the chute 16 for coke guiding. Raising the fume hood moves the chute from the coke guiding position to a storage position concurrently spreading coke pushed into the quench car and dumping any coke remaining on the chute into the quench car.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for concurrent introduction of molten steel and gas-fluidized chemical steel additives, such as chemical desulphurants, into a teeming ladle 10. Injection apparatus includes a lance 52 arranged to remain with the vessel. Introduction of gas-fluidized additives through a lance opening 81 is commenced while a charge of molten steel is introduced into the ladle. The lance is unobstructed at its discharge end and in one embodiment is carried directly by a discharge stopper 31".

Abstract: A threaded joint for well casings and tubings includes a coupling or integral socket into which pipe sections are threaded. The coupling or socket includes an inner, unthreaded portion and an outer portion having threads on its inner surface. The pipe sections include an end having a threaded portion and an unthreaded nose portion at the outer end of the threaded portion. The nose portion terminates with an annular surface and includes a plurality of convex surfaces of revolution extending circumferentially of the nose portion, all of which surfaces are adapted to engage the unthreaded portion of the coupling or socket to establish a fluid-tight seal. The thread construction is a modified buttress type with relatively flat crests and roots. An interference fit occurs between thread portions not likely to be damaged during handling, and clearance between other thread portions permits the joint connection to be made with reduced friction and with reduced concern for machining tolerances.

Abstract: Improved apparatus and method for performing flash welding is disclosed. The apparatus moves adjacent surfaces of workpieces toward each other and applies electrical energy between them for flash heating the surfaces in a flashing step, after which it forces the surfaces together in an upsetting step, while continuing the application of the electrical energy for a predetermined time. Apparatus is provided for calculating and monitoring the amount of electrical energy applied to the workpieces during welding, along with control circuitry, for limiting the amount of electrical energy applied during the upset step to a predetermined function of that applied during the flashing step. An energy recorder produces an indication of the amount of electrical energy applied to the workpieces during welding.

Abstract: A rimmed steel product, in as-hot-rolled, or cold rolled and annealed form, is made essentially non-aging by inclusion of one or both of the aging-retardant elements vanadium and boron, while retaining an excellent, clear surface that is not adversely affected by the presence of such element or elements. To produce such articles, an ingot mold is poured 80 to 95% full of plain rimming steel, and the molten steel is allowed to rim, e.g. for several minutes, until a rimmed shell solidifies against the mold wall. Then pouring is completed with the same steel, while adding one or both of the aging-retardant elements to the teemed stream. Processed like rimmed steel, ultimate rolled (e.g. strip) products having a thin, truly rimmed skin over a main body of substantially non-aging steel, are found to exhibit no unwanted change of properties (e.g. as would be revealed by significant strain lines) such as usually characterizes the effect of aging in rimmed steel.

Abstract: Process of making as-pierced tubular steel casing having a yield strength of 80-110 ksi, a minimum tensile strength of 100 ksi, and a minimum elongation of 121/2% in two inches. The steel is stengthened by precipitation of vanadium carbides, including carbonitrides, and has a ferrite-pearlite microstructure with a ferrite grain size of about ASTM 7 or finer.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for emptying bottle cars 22 of hot metal and slag. A rotatable bottle 24 is mounted to a railroad car for movement of molten iron between a blast furnace and a steel making facility such as a basic oxygen furnace or the like. To facilitate emptying the bottle, a section 32 of railroad track, shorter than the length between the wheels of the car, is moved transversely from beneath the bottle to one side of the car and the bottle rotated as much as 180.degree. to pour contents of the bottle from a central opening into a receiving ladle 14 below the track. The path of the contents passes through the area from which the track section was removed. Stops 50 prevent movement of the bottle car after the section has been moved.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for electrogalvanizing one or both sides of a steel workpiece are disclosed. A series of insoluble apertured plating anodes are positioned in spaced relation to the workpiece. When one side is to be plated one or more anodes are preferably mounted above the strip and when both sides are plated, anodes are mounted both above and below the strip. Solution is pumped through the holes in the anodes to momentarily contact the workpiece and they fall into a sump to be recirculated. A potential difference between the anode or anodes and the workpiece causes current flow through the electrolyte solution to electroplate the workpiece. Solution collected by the sump is directed to a reaction station for replenishment of the zinc metal ion. The solution is then filtered back to a main reservoir tank from which it is again pumped to the plating anodes.

Abstract: A workpiece 18 classifying and marking system 10 is disclosed. The system includes a probe 12 for generating signals in response to the detection of defects along the workpiece length as that workpiece rotates and traverses past the probe 12. Circuitry coupled to the test head analyzes defects according to severity and classifies the workpiece as either "good", "salvageable", or "scrap". The circuitry also causes a marker 14 to affix a flaw indicating mark to the workpiece at the flaw location.The circuitry includes a flaw detection circuit 60, a defect classifying circuit 72, a timing control circuit 70, and a marker delay circuit 74. The timing control 70 transmits timing signals of different frequency to the defect classifying 72 and marker control 74 circuits and coordinates their operation. The defect classify circuit 72 divides the workpiece into quadrants and can sense the length of any flaws in each quadrant as the workpiece passes the probe 12.

Abstract: An eddy current flaw detection system for inspecting a workpiece for surface flaws is described. The system has a search unit for mounting a pair of eddy current search coils in close proximity to a workpiece at locations which are longitudinally spaced with respect to the workpiece. The system is disclosed in the environment of a workpiece support and transport mechanism which causes a workpiece to rotate and move axially with respect to the search unit.Coil energizing and detection circuitry is provided having a pair of eddy current channels. Each channel energizes a connected one of the search coils to induce eddy currents within a workpiece at slightly different energization frequencies. Each channel has an output for producing signals indicating the presence and severity of detected flaws. The coil energization at different frequencies results in each coil responding to self induced eddy currents rather than currents induced by the other of the two coils.

Abstract: Steel products having high strength or good drawing or magnetic or electrical properties, requiring levels of carbon or manganese, or both, that are too high to allow rimming action are produced to have the desired properties, in effect, but with a surface condition characteristic of rimmed steel. The method involves pouring an ingot mold 80 to 95% full of molten, rimming steel, then allowing the steel to stand and rim for several minutes while a shell freezes against the mold wall, and thereafter filling the mold while inserting into the molten steel stream additional carbon or manganese, plus any other elements such as P, Al, Cb, V, Cr, Ni, Si or others, so that the core of the ultimately solidified ingot is steel having the above-desired strength or other properties.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are disclosed for monitoring the condition of a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) trunnion bearing. A shaft attached to a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) vessel is supported on either vessel side by a radial bearing which allows rotation of the shaft with respect to those bearings. One of the radial bearings is in turn mounted to a ladder bearing which allows shaft expansion and contraction with temperature. A Hall Effect transducer is mounted on both bearing sides to monitor the distance between the shaft and the transducer. If an output from the transducer deviates from a predetermined range the shaft position has shifted. This shift is an indication that either the radial or ladder bearing has or may in the near future fail. The apparatus therefore provides a warning that either replacement or repair of the BOF vessel trunnion bearing may be required.

Abstract: An improved air knife apparatus and method for controlling coating thickness on a moving metal strip. Air flow from blowers is supplied through a plenum chamber common to an air knife and a diffuser spaced along the path of strip travel. A valve between the plenum chamber and diffuser controls the relative flow of air through the knife and diffuser to establish the desired pressure and flow at the air knife to modify the thickness of the coating on the strip. The flow through the diffuser is directed against the strip at a location subsequent to the knife in the direction of strip travel, to chill the coating.