Abstract: A method for converting traditional ladder diagrams for programmable controllers according to model 984, for example, the traditional ladder diagrams being read and executed column by column, into ladder diagrams for IEC 61131-oriented controllers, for example, with the ladder diagrams being read and executed in a data flow-oriented manner. In order to carry out the method, it is determined, in the ladder diagrams that are traditionally read and executed column by column, whether variables are provided on coils as well as on contacts within the network, and it is determined whether the contact is processed according to model 984 in front of the associated coil and according to the IEC model behind the associated coil. If so, an additional variable is generated for each such variable, and the additional variable is fed to the respective contact instead of the original variable.

Abstract: An automation system including a service-oriented architecture and decentralized, distributed components and/or devices in a flexible and reconfigurable production environment. The system includes at least one host computer which is connected to service-oriented components and/or devices by means of a data transmission system such as Ethernet. In order to establish service-oriented systems of devices/components, the execution thereof in a virtual network and the synchronization thereof with real, physically existing components is provided such that the at least one host computer includes a virtual simulation-based engineering-environment including a virtual service-oriented communication platform for exchanging messages and interactions based on web services between virtual models of components and/or devices, in which the functionality thereof is available in the form of services.

Abstract: A relay connection with at least two relays (K1, K2) connected in series or in parallel to a supply voltage (UV). In order to achieve a defined relay cut-out sequence should there be a dip in the supply voltage and consequently to increase safety, it is provided that the relays (K1, K2) have different minimum holding voltages (UHalt,min1; UHalt,min2) and/or inductive resistances (Rsp1; Rsp2).