Abstract: Disclosed is a Hot Isostatic Pressed ferritic-austenitic steel alloy, as well objects thereof. The elementary composition of the alloy comprises, in percentages by weight: C ?0-0.05; Si 0-0.8; Mn 0-4.0; Cr more than 29-35; Ni 3.0-10;? Mo 0-4.0; N 0.30-0.55:? Cu 0-0.8; W 0-3.0; S ?0-0.03; Ce 0-0.2; the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities. The objects can be particularly useful in making components for a urea production plant that require processing such as machining or drilling. A preferred use is in making, or replacing, liquid distributors as used in a stripper as is typically present in the high-pressure synthesis section of a urea plant.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the concurrent production of hydrogen and sulphur from a H2S-containing gas stream, with zero emissions. The method comprises the thermal oxidative cracking of H2S so as to form H2 and S2. Preferably, the oxidation is conducted using oxygen-enriched air, preferably pure oxygen. The ratio H2S/O2 in the feedstock is higher than 2:1, preferably in the range of 3:1-5:1.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of urea ammonium nitrate, a system and a method of modifying a plant. The process comprises treating ammonia-containing off-gas resulting from the production of ammonium nitrate (AN off-gas) with acidic scrubbing liquid in a finishing treatment section having a gas inlet in fluid communication with a gas outlet of a finishing section of a urea production unit, wherein the finishing section is adapted to solidify urea liquid, and wherein said finishing treatment section is adapted to subject ammonia-containing off-gas of the finishing section to treatment with an acidic scrubbing liquid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recovery of urea dust and ammonia from a gas stream by contacting said gas stream with an aqueous sulphuric acid solution, thus forming an acid solution of ammonium sulphate and urea, characterized in that the acid solution is concentrated to a melt comprising less than 5 wt % of water, which melt is subsequently transferred into solid particles comprising urea and ammonium sulphate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dual pressure plant for the production of nitric acid on the basis of the oxidation of ammonia. The plant comprises a reactor configured to produce a burner gas stream; a gas cooling section configured to form a cooled burner gas; a condensation section configured to form an aqueous nitric acid condensate and an uncondensed nitrogen oxides gas stream; an absorption section configured to produce raw nitric acid and a tail gas; and a tail gas treatment system configured to form a purified tail gas. In a tail gas heating section a further heat exchanger configured to receive heat from the burner gas stream, said further heat exchanger being positioned relatively close to the reactor.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a urea product suitable for being diluted with water so as to form an aqueous urea comprising solution for use in a unit for the reduction of NOx in combustion engine exhaust gases, also known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) or to be used in De NOx systems of exhaust vapor from industrial furnaces. The process comprises obtaining an aqueous urea solution from or after a recovery section in a urea production process. This solution, which has a low content of impurities, is subjected to flash crystallization at a low pressure, so as to obtain a solid crystallized urea containing product, which is a free-flowing powder containing less than 0.2 wt. % water. This product is packaged under conditions such that the water content in the packaged product is maintained below 0.2 wt. %. The invention can also be used in a method of increasing the capacity of an existing urea plant.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel method of controlling the formation of biuret in urea production, and particularly reducing, preventing or reversing such formation. This is accomplished by adding liquid ammonia to a urea aqueous stream. This addition is done at one or more positions downstream of a recovery section in a urea plant. The addition of liquid ammonia serves to shift the equilibrium of biuret formation from urea, to the side of the formation of urea from biuret and ammonia. The invention can be accomplished also in pre-existing urea plant, by the simple measure of providing an appropriate inlet for liquid ammonia, in fluid communication with a source of such liquid ammonia.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dual pressure plant for the production of nitric acid on the basis of the oxidation of ammonia. The plant comprises a reactor configured to produce a burner gas stream; a gas cooling section configured to form a cooled burner gas; a condensation section configured to form an aqueous nitric acid condensate and an uncondensed nitrogen oxides gas stream; an absorption section configured to produce raw nitric acid and a tail gas; and a tail gas treatment system configured to form a purified tail gas. In a tail gas heating section a further heat exchanger configured to receive heat from the burner gas stream, said further heat exchanger being positioned relatively close to the reactor.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel method of controlling the formation of biuret in urea production, and particularly reducing, preventing or reversing such formation. This is accomplished by adding liquid ammonia to a urea aqueous stream. This addition is done at one or more positions downstream of a recovery section in a urea plant. The addition of liquid ammonia serves to shift the equilibrium of biuret formation from urea, to the side of the formation of urea from biuret and ammonia. The invention can be accomplished also in pre-existing urea plant, by the simple measure of providing an appropriate inlet for liquid ammonia, in fluid communication with a source of such liquid ammonia.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of urea ammonium nitrate, a system and a method of modifying a plant. The process comprises treating ammonia-containing off-gas resulting from the production of ammonium nitrate (AN off-gas) with acidic scrubbing liquid in a finishing treatment section having a gas inlet in fluid communication with a gas outlet of a finishing section of a urea production unit, wherein the finishing section is adapted to solidify urea liquid, and wherein said finishing treatment section is adapted to subject ammonia-containing off-gas of the finishing section to treatment with an acidic scrubbing liquid.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and systems for removing submicron particles from a gas stream, in particular from urea prilling off-gas, wherein a Venturi ejector is used. A method comprises contacting a gas stream containing submicron particles in a Venturi ejector with an injected high velocity scrubbing liquid to provide a pumping action, wherein the scrubbing liquid has an initial velocity of at least 25 m/s and wherein the ratio of scrubbing liquid and gas flow is between 0.0005 and 0.0015 (m3/h)/(m3/h).

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and systems for removing submicron particles from a gas stream, in particular from urea prilling off-gas, wherein a Venturi ejector is used. A method comprises contacting a gas stream containing submicron particles in a Venturi ejector with an injected high velocity scrubbing liquid to provide a pumping action, wherein the scrubbing liquid has an initial velocity of at least 2 m/s and wherein the ratio of scrubbing liquid and gas flow is between 0.0005 and 0.0015 (m3/h)/(m3/h). The disclosure also pertains to a prilling tower having a gas stream treatment system comprising a Venturi ejector at the top of the prilling tower, and to a method of modifying an existing prilling tower.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel method of controlling the formation of biuret in urea production. This is accomplished by reducing or preventing the formation of biuret in a concentration section, particularly in one or more concentrators or evaporators. The method comprises controlling the residence time of a urea aqueous stream treated in such concentration section in a manner independently of the volume flow per time interval of said stream into said concentration section. The residence time can be controlled, e.g., by providing the concentration section with an adjustable volume or by adding a gas to the urea stream to be treated. A combination of such measures can also be applied.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel method of controlling the formation of biuret in urea production. This is accomplished by reducing or preventing the formation of biuret in a concentration section, particularly in one or more concentrators or evaporators. The method comprises controlling the residence time of a urea aqueous stream treated in such concentration section in a manner independently of the volume flow per time interval of said stream into said concentration section. The residence time can be controlled, e.g., by providing the concentration section with an adjustable volume or by adding a gas to the urea stream to be treated. A combination of such measures can also be applied.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of urea ammonium nitrate, a system and a method of modifying a plant. The process comprises treating ammonia-containing off-gas resulting from the production of ammonium nitrate (AN off-gas) with acidic scrubbing liquid in a finishing treatment section having a gas inlet in fluid communication with a gas outlet of a finishing section of a urea production unit, wherein the finishing section is adapted to solidify urea liquid, and wherein said finishing treatment section is adapted to subject ammonia-containing off-gas of the finishing section to treatment with an acidic scrubbing liquid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of urea ammonium nitrate, a system and a method of modifying a plant. The process comprises subjecting ammonia-containing off-gas resulting from the production of ammonium nitrate (AN off-gas) to condensation under acidic conditions so as to form an acidic condensate, and using at least part of the acidic condensate as an acidic scrubbing liquid in a finishing treatment section having a gas inlet in fluid communication with a gas outlet of a finishing section of a urea production unit, wherein the finishing section is adapted to solidify urea liquid, and wherein said finishing treatment section is adapted to subject ammonia-containing off-gas of the finishing section to treatment with an acidic scrubbing liquid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a urea plant with a CO2 and a NH3 feed, which comprises a purge line, characterized in that the purge line is connected with a fuel gas input line of a utility plant or an NH3 plant.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a urea plant with a high pressure synthesis section and a recovery section. The high pressure synthesis section comprises a reactor, a stripper and a condenser, wherein the reactor operates at a higher pressure than the stripper and the condenser. The plant further includes a compression unit between the condenser and the reactor. The compression unit utilizes mechanical energy recovered from a decompression unit positioned downstream of the stripper and upstream of the recovery section.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of urea ammonium nitrate, a system and a method of modifying a plant. The process comprises subjecting ammonia-containing off-gas resulting from the production of ammonium nitrate (AN off-gas) to condensation under acidic conditions so as to form an acidic a acidic scrubbing liquid in a finishing treatment section having a gas inlet in fluid communication with a gas outlet of a finishing section of a urea production unit, wherein the finishing section is adapted to solidify urea liquid, and wherein said finishing treatment section is adapted to subject ammonia-containing off-gas of the finishing section to treatment with an acidic scrubbing liquid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the production of urea allowing a substantial reduction, even down to zero, of the continuous emission of ammonia conventionally resulting from such a process. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the urea-forming reaction from carbon dioxide and ammonia is conducted in a synthesis section that does not require passivation by oxygen. As a result of the absence of oxygen, a hydrogen-rich gas stream results from the synthesis section, that can be used as a fuel in an incinerator. In the incinerator, ammonia-comprising gas streams from the urea production process are combusted.