Abstract: A method for injecting a solid feed material through a solids injection lance includes creating flow conditions in an injection passageway of the lance so that at least a part of the feed material flowing along the passageway forms a buffer zone between a wall of a tube that defines the passageway and feed material flowing along a central section of the passageway.

Abstract: A smelting apparatus that includes (a) a smelting vessel (4) that is adapted to contain a bath of molten metal and slag and (b) a smelt cyclone (2) for pre-treating a metalliferous feed material positioned above and communicating directly with the smelting vessel The apparatus also includes an oft-gas duct (9) extending from the smelt, cyclone for discharging an off-gas from the smelt cyclone. The off-gas duct has an inlet section (18) that extends upwardly from the smelt cyclone and is formed to cause off-gas to undergo a substantial change of direction as it flows through the inlet section of the off-gas duct.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for producing graphene, wherein the process is simple and economical. In the said process the substrate is contacted with vaporized seedlac to produce graphene on a substrate including but not limited to conductive material and non-conductive material. The disclosure further relates to a graphene which is impermeable to ions and molecules, resistant to oxidation and is hydrophobic. The disclosure furthermore relates to a substrate comprising graphene, said substrate is resistant to corrosion, resistant to oxidation and is hydrophobic.

Abstract: A smelting vessel (4) for producing molten metal includes a refractory lined hearth that in use is in contact with molten slag or molten metal in the smelting vessel, and the hearth includes a plurality of heat pipes (2.1) positioned in a refractory lining of at least a part of the hearth for cooling the refractory lining.

Abstract: A molten bath-based direct smelting process comprises controlling the process conditions in a direct smelting vessel so that molten slag in a molten bath of metal and slag in the vessel has a viscosity in a range of 0.5-5 poise when the slag temperature is in the range of 1400-1550° C. in the molten bath in the vessel.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method for heat treating an iron-carbon alloy. The method comprises acts of heating the iron-carbon alloy to a first pre-determined temperature at a pre-determined heating rate, holding the iron-carbon alloy at the first pre-determined temperature for a pre-set period of time. The method further comprises acts of cooling the iron-carbon alloy to a second pre-determined temperature at a pre-determined cooling rate and inducing magnetic field on the iron-carbon alloy selectively during at least one of heating and cooling of the iron-carbon alloy. The induction of magnetic field on the iron-carbon alloy results in microstructural changes to improve formation of pearlitic structure in the iron-carbon alloy.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for direct smelting metalliferous material is disclosed. The invention concentrates injection of solid feed materials comprising metalliferous material and carbonaceous material into a direct smelting vessel during the course of the process into a relatively small region within a metal layer in a molten bath in the vessel in order to generate a substantial upward movement of molten material and gas from the metal layer into a region in the vessel that is above the molten bath. In particular, the invention injects the solid food materials with sufficient momentum and/or velocity via an opposed pair of lances that are oriented within the vessel and arranged to form overlapping plumes of injected material in the molten bath.

Abstract: A molten bath-based direct smelting process comprises controlling the process conditions in a direct smelting vessel so that molten slag in a molten bath of metal and slag in the vessel has a viscosity in a range of 0.5-5 poise when the slag temperature is in a range of 1400-1550° C. in the molten bath in the vessel.

Abstract: A solids injection lance includes (a) a tube that defines a passageway for solid feed material to be injected through the tube and has an inlet for solid material at a rear end and an outlet for discharging solid material at a forward end of the tube and (b) a puncture detection system for detecting a puncture in the solids injection tube.

Abstract: A molten bath-based direct smelting process includes controlling the process conditions in a direct smelting vessel so that molten slag in a molten bath of metal and slag in the vessel has a viscosity in a range of 0.5-5 poise in an operating temperature range for the process.

Abstract: A method of recovery of organic solvents required in the refining of coal comprising: mixing solvent, co-solvent and coal to form a slurry; thermally treating the slurry under pressure and high temperature to form a coal-extract; passing the coal-extract through a membrane under high pressure in an ultra filtration unit to achieve recovery of a major part of the solvent; contacting the remaining thick clarified liquid from the membrane with water to obtain precipitated coal in a slurry with a mixture of water and organic solvent; feeding the slurry to a filter to get clean coal of very low ash content as a residue and a mixture of water and organic solvent as a filtrate; distilling the filtrate to separate the balance of the organic solvent from the water. The application of a membrane for filtration minimizes the heat requirement to establish economy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to synthesizing reduced graphene oxide on the surface of a metal sheet and glass. The invention particularly relates to a process for coating a substrate with reduced graphene oxide using seedlac as a carbon source. As per the process of the current invention, a solution of seedlac is prepared in an alcohol and the substrate is dipped in to the solution for one or more time. The substrate is then dried in air for 1-10 minutes and thereafter, heated to a temperature range of 400 to 1200° C. under controlled atmosphere of Ar/N2/Ar—H2/N2—H2 at a different flow rate ranging from 100 to 500 seem for a period of 10 to 120 minutes.

Abstract: This invention relates to a cyclone for dense medium separation that includes an inverted conical shaped cyclone body which provides an interior space having an inner wall surface a vortex finder including a lower end that extends longitudinally into an upper region of the interior space of the cyclone body an overflow outlet associated with an upper end of the vortex finder a feed inlet that is in fluid communication with the upper region of the interior space of the cyclone body an outlet associated with a lower region of the interior space and the inner wall surface of the interior space curves inwardly and downwardly from the upper region curves inwardly and downwardly from the upper region of the interior space to the lower region of the interior space.

Abstract: A method for producing hydrogen and/or other gases from steel plant wastes and waste heat is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of providing molten waste from steel plant like molten slag in a reactor. The molten slag is contacted with water and/or steam in the presence of a reducing agent to form a stream of hydrogen and/or other gases. The hydrogen and/or other gases can then be extracted from the stream of gases from the reactor.

Abstract: A process to produce low ash clean coal from high ash coal with substantially complete solvent recovery, the process including: forming a slurry of coal fines in a N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and Ethylenediamine (EDA) solution; maintaining said slurry in a reactor at a temperature range of 100° C. to 240° C. and a pressure range of 1 to 4 gauge (kg/cm2) for a period of about 15 minutes to 4 hours; separating the produced sample withdrawn from the reactor, one part being a filtrate and the other a reject; feeding the filtrate into an evaporator to recover 80-85% solvent; precipitating the concentrated filtrate material in an anti-solvent tank to separate coal from solvent; separating the coal by filtration, said separated coal having a reduced ash content; feeding the anti-solvent and solvent mixture into a distillation column to separate remaining solvent from the anti-solvent for reuse in the process.

Abstract: A system for the production of hydrogen from water in the presence of slag, comprising a graphite crucible containing molten slag; a reaction hood disposed over said crucible; a water line for spraying water on the molten slag in the crucible; and a steel tube for collecting and transferring the produced hydrogen gas from said hood into a condenser tank.

Abstract: A process for treating coal to obtain lower ash content coal including: (i) pretreating high ash coal in a pretreatment unit with ultrasonic waves or microwaves, (ii) forming a slurry of coal fines in a solvent solution including N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and one of Ethylenediamine (EDA) or Monoethanolamine (MEA), (iii) maintaining said slurry in a refluxed condition at a temperature of about 170-190° C. for a period of about 15 minutes to 2 hours; (iv) separating the refluxed slurry into two parts consisting of extract and residue by coarse filtration, (v) recovering up to 85% of the solvent solution by evaporation of the extract to form a concentrated extract, (v) precipitating the coal by adding water to the concentrated extract, (vi) separating the coal from the water-extract solution by filtration, and (vii) recovering the rest of the solvent by distillation of the water-extract solution.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to increase the cooling rate of gas used in a batch annealing furnace of cold rolling mills under bypass cooling. The invention makes use of the higher heat transfer capacities of nanocoolants developed by a high-shear mixing of nanoparticles and stabilizers in a basic aqueous medium for cooling heated hydrogen flowing through a heat exchanger during bypass cooling of the batch annealing furnace. The nanofluid is prepared in a nanofluid preparation unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to increase the cooling rate of gas used in a batch annealing furnace of cold rolling mills under bypass cooling. The invention makes use of the higher heat transfer capacities of nanocoolants developed by a high-shear mixing of nanoparticles and stabilizers in a basic aqueous medium for cooling heated hydrogen flowing through a heat exchanger during bypass cooling of the batch annealing furnace. The nanofluid is prepared in a nanofluid preparation unit.

Abstract: A process to produce low ash clean coal from high ash coal with substantially complete solvent recovery, the process including: forming a slurry of coal fines in a N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and Ethylenediamine (EDA) solution; maintaining said slurry in a reactor at a temperature range of 100° C. to 240° C. and a pressure range of 1 to 4 gauge (kg/cm2) for a period of about 15 minutes to 4 hours; separating the produced sample withdrawn from the reactor, one part being a filtrate and the other a reject; feeding the filtrate into an evaporator to recover 80-85% solvent; precipitating the concentrated filtrate material in an anti-solvent tank to separate coal from solvent; separating the coal by filtration, said separated coal having a reduced ash content; feeding the anti-solvent and solvent mixture into a distillation column to separate remaining solvent from the anti-solvent for reuse in the process.