Abstract: An ammonia plant having a first and second reactor and a start-up oven having at least one first heat exchanger. The first reactor operates under a higher internal pressure than the second reactor. The start-up oven is connected via a piping system for at least one synthesis gas to the first and second reactor. Ammonia is produced by heating synthesis gas in the start-up oven and transferring the heated synthesis gas to the first reactor for initiating the chemical reaction. Synthesis gas is heated with the same start-up oven and is transferred to the second reactor for initiating the chemical reaction, wherein high-pressure synthesis of ammonia occurs in the first reactor and low-pressure synthesis of ammonia occurs in the second reactor at a lower process pressure than in the first reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates inter alia to a method for cutting a workpiece, in particular a blank or a component, comprising the following steps: inserting the workpiece into a cutting device, wherein the cutting device comprises a first tool half having at least one workpiece holder and at least one first cutting means, which comprises a first cutting edge and a contact surface, and a second tool half having at least one second cutting means having a second cutting edge and a contact surface, clamping the workpiece by means of the workpiece holder and the contact surface of the second cutting means, cutting the workpiece by means of the cutting means, the workpiece undergoes, prior to cutting, both a first prebending, which is produced substantially in the opposite direction counter to the cutting direction, and thereafter a second prebending in the cutting direction.

Abstract: A method can be used to cool bulk material in a fine material cooler. The method may involve admitting bulk material to be cooled into the fine material cooler through a material inlet, conveying the coarse material with a first mechanical or pneumatic conveying unit, and conveying the fine material with a second conveying unit in a conveying direction through the fine material cooler to a material outlet. The bulk material may have a fine material proportion of 70% to 95% and a coarse material proportion of 5% to 30%. The fine material may have a grain size of 10-5 mm to 4 mm, and the coarse material may have a grain size of 4 mm to 100 mm.

Abstract: A vibration damper includes an end-stop control valve that progressively adds end-of-stroke damping force to complement the damping force provided by a main piston. The end-stop control valve may include a valve piston assembly that has a valve piston insert, a piston that is disposed radially outside the valve piston insert, and a valve disc stack-up that is supported on a hub of the valve piston insert and a valve seat of the piston. The valve piston insert and the piston may be arranged so as to be longitudinally movable relative to one another. Consequently, the preload of the valve disc stack-up increases as the valve piston assembly contacts a catch piston and begins end-of-stroke damping. Transitioning from an initial preload to a maximum preload during the end-of-stroke damping event progressively increases damping resistance and thereby improves NVH characteristics.

Abstract: An end-stop control valve can progressively add end-of-stroke damping resistance to complement the damping force provided by a main piston in a damper tube. The end-stop control valve may include a piston that selectively engages with a catch piston, both of which are longitudinally movable within the damper tube. To reduce bypass around the piston, a piston band wrapped at least partially around the piston may engage with a sidewall of the catch piston just prior to engagement of the catch piston and the piston, although at least some hydraulic fluid can flow through a pathway of the piston band. A spring disc that moves with the piston may also engage with the catch piston just prior to engagement between the catch piston and the piston. The spring disc may elastically deform to contribute end-of-stroke resistance leading up to engagement of the piston and the catch piston.

Abstract: An end-stop control valve can progressively add end-of-stroke damping resistance to complement the damping force provided by a main piston in a damper tube. The end-stop control valve may include a piston that is secured on a piston rod and selectively engages a catch piston, both of which are longitudinally movable within the damper tube. As the piston approaches the catch piston, an annular pocket of hydraulic fluid is created longitudinally and radially between the piston and the catch piston. As the piston continues to approach the catch piston, a cross-sectional area through which hydraulic fluid exits the pocket decreases, thereby gradually increasing the resistance of the end-stop control valve. In addition, a spring disc secured on the piston rod may contact a valve seat on the catch piston and provide resistance by elastically deforming in a longitudinal direction before the contact surfaces of the piston and catch piston engage.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a track roller for guiding a track of a tracked vehicle including a shaft extending in an axial direction, the shaft having a central portion and two axial end portions axially adjacent to the central portion on each side, wherein a transversal through-hole is provided in each axial end portion of the shaft, a roller shell mounted on the central portion of the shaft in a rotatable manner, two annular retainer caps fitted to the shaft, and sealing arrangements located between each of the retainer caps and the roller shell, wherein the shaft is flattened at least in a region of its axial end portions in such a way that at least one support surface which includes the through-hole is provided at each end portion for mounting the track roller to an undercarriage of the tracked vehicle, and the retainer caps are arranged within the central portion of the shaft in their entirety, and an undercarriage of a tracked vehicle comprising such a track roller.

Abstract: A method for determining a risk of instability of a calculation of an angle ? of a steering shaft of a motor vehicle can be employed where a first gear wheel is fixed to the steering shaft and cooperates with a second gear wheel and a third gear wheel, which are smaller than the first gear wheel. The number of teeth of the first gear wheel is n. The number of teeth of the second gear wheel is m. And the number of teeth of the third gear wheel is m+1. The angles ? and ? of the two smaller gear wheels are determined and the angular position ? of the steering shaft is calculated by evaluating the equation ? = m * ? + ( m + 1 ) * ? - ( 2 ? m + 1 ) * k * ? 2 ? n , with ? being an angle of the sensor range and a whole number k given by k = round ? ( ( m + 1 ) * ? - m * ? ? ) , wherein the risk of instability is determined by calculation of a stability margin t according to t = k - ( ( m + 1 ) * ? - m * ? ? ) .

Abstract: A multiphase electric motor is disconnectable from a DC voltage source by way of a control unit. Phase windings with connection lines can each be alternately connected via a high-side and a low-side switching element to a respective pole of the DC voltage source, and the connection lines each have a device for disconnecting the phase windings from the DC voltage source upon a fault. The control unit may monitor the switching elements for short-circuit faults, switch off the switching elements when a fault occurs, determine whether the switching element causing the fault is a high-side or a low-side switching element, switch on at least a second of the high-side or correspondingly at least a second of the low-side switching elements in addition to the switching element causing the fault to brake the electric motor, switch off the switching elements after a braking period, and open the phase disconnection devices.

Abstract: A method may be utilized to control a steer-by-wire steering system for a motor vehicle that includes an electronically controllable steering actuator that acts on steered wheels, a control unit, a feedback actuator to which a driver's request for a steering angle can be applied by a driver via steering input means and which outputs a feedback signal to the steering input means as a reaction to the driver's request and a driving condition of the motor vehicle, and a signal transmission that transmits the driver's request to the control unit. The control unit controls the steering actuator to convert the driver's request into deflection of the steered wheels. The method may involve determining wheel slip of a front wheel, performing frequency analysis of a profile over time of a wheel slip signal of the front wheel, and determining the feedback signal based on the result of the frequency analysis.

Abstract: An adjusting drive for a motor-adjustable steering column may include an outer threaded spindle that has an external thread that engages with a spindle nut and that has an internal thread that is engaged by an inner threaded spindle. The spindle nut, the outer threaded spindle, and the inner threaded spindle can be driven in rotation relative to one another about an axis by a motor-type drive unit. The adjusting drive may also include a blocking device that is switchable between a first position and a second position. In the first position the outer threaded spindle is locked together with the spindle nut for conjoint rotation. In the second position the outer threaded spindle is locked together with the inner threaded spindle for conjoint rotation.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a vibration damper with adjustable damping force, comprising an inner cylinder with at least one working chamber which exhibits a flow connection to a damping-valve device, wherein the damper-valve device is arranged outside of an outer cylinder, wherein the flow connection has been realized in a component that is separate from the inner cylinder, wherein the separate component is constituted by a pressure-stage adapter which constitutes a part of the working chamber and which exhibits a coupling to the damping-valve device, wherein a base piece is arranged at the end of the inner cylinder, wherein the pressure-stage adapter and the base piece have been combined to form a pressure-stage adapter device.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a vibration damper for a vehicle, comprising an outer tube and an inner tube which is arranged coaxially relative thereto, wherein between the outer tube and the inner tube a compensation chamber for receiving hydraulic fluid is formed, and a working piston which is connected to a piston rod and which is arranged so as to be able to be moved back and forth within the inner tube, wherein the inner space of the inner tube is divided by the working piston into a first working chamber and a second working chamber, wherein in the compensation chamber there is arranged a calming element which is fitted so as to be able to be moved in an axial direction inside the compensation chamber.

Abstract: The present disclosure concerns an electromechanical steering system with a steering shaft, with a magnetic torque sensor device for measuring a torque applied to the steering shaft and with a shielding element. The steering shaft comprises an input shaft which can be rotationally fixedly connected to a steering handle and penetrates through the shielding element, and an output shaft which is connected to the input shaft via a twistable torsion bar. The torque sensor device comprises a multipole magnetic ring rotationally fixedly connected to the input shaft, a stator ring element rotationally fixedly connected to the output shaft and surrounding the magnetic ring, a magnetic flux collector and a sensor for detecting a magnetic flux density. The shielding element is arranged following the magnetic ring, wherein the shielding element covering the surface of the magnetic ring and the stator ring element with respect to the steering handle.

Abstract: A steering shaft may include an inner shaft at least partially within an outer shaft where the inner shaft includes a sliding element with an outer profile portion. The outer shaft may be displaced relative to the inner shaft axially in a direction of a longitudinal axis between a storage position and an operating position. A steering column may include an inner covering pipe in which such a steering shaft is rotatably supported and an outer covering unit in which the inner covering pipe is retained. The outer shaft may have a bearing means having an inner profile portion that corresponds to the outer profile portion. In the storage position the outer profile portion is at least partially received in the bearing means.

Abstract: A steering column for a motor vehicle may include a casing unit in which a steering spindle is mounted so as to be rotatable about a longitudinal axis extending in a length direction. The casing unit may have at least two casings that are adjustably guided relative to one another through a range of adjustment travel in the length direction. Part of the adjustment travel may correspond to a transitional portion, and part of the adjustment travel may correspond to a functional portion. The casings may be guided with a greater play in the transitional portion than in the functional portion. One casing may have a guide track and another casing may have a guide element that engages in the guide track and is guided in the length direction and has a guide play in the guide track that is greater in the transitional portion than in the functional portion.

Abstract: A motor vehicle control device may have a switch-on and switch-off function for at least one electrical load to be controlled by the motor vehicle control device. The motor vehicle control device may include an electronic switching element for arrangement in a supply voltage path of the electrical load and a control unit for controlling the electronic switching element. The control unit is designed to provide a control signal for switching the electronic switching element based on at least one input signal. The control unit may include a resistor connected to the supply voltage path and a current control means connected in series therewith for generating a predefinable voltage difference at the resistor as the control signal for the electronic switching element.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a vibration damper for a vehicle comprising: an external tube and an internal tube which is arranged coaxially relative thereto, wherein a compensation chamber for receiving hydraulic fluid is formed between the external tube and the internal tube, and a working piston which is connected to a piston rod and which is arranged so as to be movable back and forth inside the internal tube, wherein the internal space of the internal tube is subdivided by the working piston into a first working chamber and a second working chamber, a central tube which is arranged inside the compensation chamber and which is attached to the internal tube, wherein the central tube has a tubular element and a helical element which is connected to the tubular element.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a processing station and to a method for connecting a first component to a second component in a processing station, wherein a workpiece holder is moved into a geometry clamping station of the processing station, wherein a clamping jig of the processing station in a first movement, and the workpiece holder moved into the geometry clamping station in a second movement, are simultaneously moved in each case from a preliminary position (PS1, PW1) to a connecting position (P2) in which the first component is connected to the second component.

Abstract: A sliding cam system for an internal combustion engine includes an adjusting element that has at least three coupling pins. A first coupling pin is arranged in the region of the primary sliding cam element and a second coupling pin is arranged in the region of the first secondary sliding cam element and a third coupling pin is arranged in the region of the second secondary sliding cam element. The coupling pins each cooperate with a shifting gate of the respectively associated sliding cam element such that a movement of a primary sliding cam element initiated by the actuator pin is transmissible to secondary sliding cam elements by the adjusting element. The sliding cam system is designed such that a shifting operation of the first secondary sliding cam element takes place at least partially at the same time as the shifting operation of the second secondary sliding cam element.