Abstract: A lining element for pulp refiners is made by casting from a steel alloy containing from 1.0 to 5 percent by weight of titanium present as titanium carbide grains having an average size of 10 microns or less and being uniformly distributed throughout the lining element. The titanium carbide prevents polishing of the working faces of the lining element.

Abstract: The carbon content in iron, cobalt, or nickel based alloys containing at least about 16% chromium is substantially eliminated without significant loss of chromium by blowing the alloy with oxygen to oxidize the carbon and simultaneously introducing steam or ammonia in amounts such that the partial pressure of carbon monoxide (formed by oxidation of carbon) is lower than that which corresponds to the equilibrium pressure for the carbon/chromium oxidation e.g. below 0.95 and preferably below 0.5 atmospheres.

Abstract: Steels, free from hard inclusions which will not deform during hot working, are obtained by introducing into a molten steel under calcium free conditions a silica based slag powder having fluxing components such as manganese oxide which gives a slag of melting point and of density not higher than that of the steel. The slag powder melts and rises through the molten steel interacting with inclusion components, most of which rise to the surface of the melt, so that when the steel solidifies any inclusions remaining are free from calcium and will deform at hot forming temperatures.

Abstract: Alloys based on iron, nickel or cobalt and containing titanium carbide are produced by melting techniques. A melt containing only one of the two elements of titanium carbide is combined with the other element and caused to solidify immediately thereafter so that the titanium carbide grains are prevented from growing or forming aggregates. The combination of carbon and titanium is brought about by adding titanium to a carbon-containing, titanium free melt or adding carbon to a titanium-containing, carbon free melt. The process may be carried out in equipment for electro-slag remelting.

Abstract: A tank containing a bed of particulate material, e.g. a sand filter bed or an ion exchange bed, has a bed-supporting bottom structure formed by upper and lower bottom plates rigidly connected with each other through a plurality of vertical sleeves opening into the spaces above and below the tank bottom structure. Openings in the wall of each sleeve connect the interior of the sleeve with the compartment formed between the bottom plates. A strainer unit is removably inserted in each sleeve through the lower end of the sleeve and passes liquid between the bed and the compartment between the bottom plates by way of the openings in the side wall of the sleeve.

Abstract: A process for decoloring an aqueous effluent from the bleaching of sulphate pulp with chlorine or chlorine containing compounds, said effluent containing dark colored lignin degradation products, said bleaching including at least one alkali extraction stage, comprisesA. treating the aqueous effluent from at least one alkali extraction stage in the bleaching with at least one acid selected from the group consisting of sulphuric acid, sulphurous acid and hydrochloric acid until a precipitate forms, said precipitate consisting essentially of dark colored lignin degradation products and other organic materialB. separating the treated aqueous effluent from the precipitate andC. contacting the treated aqueous effluent which has been separated from the precipitate with a phenolic resin which is activated by the acidic effluent, said activated resin binding the dark colored lignin degradation products and separating a decolored effluent from the loaded resin.

Abstract: In a process for reducing the carbon content of an iron, cobalt or nickel based alloy containing carbon and at least 10% by weight chromium by introducing into the molten alloy, through at least one inner section of a tuyere which comprises at least two concentric tubes, essentially pure steam or steam and any inert gas belonging to the group consisting of nitrogen, argon, helium, neon and xenon, blockage of gas inlet is avoided by passing a gas mixture containing between 5 and 30% by volume of gaseous oxygen through an outermost section of the tuyere.

Abstract: A method of bringing at least two liquids of different pH values into contact with a synthetic resin and substantially eliminating volume changes in the resin bed due to changes in the pH of the liquid phase, is provided wherein the resin is made up of a mixture of at least two different resins, the volumes of which depend on the pH of the liquid phase in which the resin is located, a first resin being one having its maximum volume when located in an acid environment and its minimum volume when located in an alkaline environment, a second resin being one having its minimum volume when located in an acid environment and its maximum volume when located in an alkaline environment, the ratio of the two resins in the mixture being such that volume changes in each resin resulting from changes in the pH of their environment substantially compensate one another so that the resin mixture maintains a substantially uniform volume in acid and alkaline environments.

Abstract: A method of treating molten metal in a converter having an induction heater the heating space of which opens into the lowermost portion of the converter compartment comprises injecting a mixture of a solid treating material in powder form with a carrier gas through a sidewall of the converter at a level only slightly above the bottom wall of the converter compartment. A tuyere through which the gas-powder mixture is injected is directed slightly downward and toward the region where the heating space of the induction heater opens into the converter compartment.

Abstract: A tank containing a bed of particulate material, e.g. a sand filter bed or an ion exchange bed, has a bed-supporting bottom structure formed by upper and lower bottom plates rigidly connected with each other through a plurality of vertical sleeves opening into the spaces above and below the tank bottom structure. Openings in the wall of each sleeve connect the interior of the sleeve with the compartment formed between the bottom plates. A strainer unit is removably inserted in each sleeve through the lower end of the sleeve and passes liquid between the bed and the compartment between the bottom plates by way of the openings in the side wall of the sleeve. An adjustable valve member accessible from below the tank bottom structure serves to control the flow of liquid through the strainer unit.

Abstract: There is provided a brushing apparatus useful for cleaning of PC Cards, comprising at least one pair of coaxially arranged brushes. The brushes are rotated and the bristle surfaces of a pair of brushes face each other. The PC cards are fed in a plane between the opposing brushes. The pairs of brushes may be arranged in one or more rows. In the case of one row, the row may extend at an angle to the transport direction of the PC cards. In the case of two parallel rows, the pairs of brushes of one row may be displaced longitudinally half a brush diameter, relative to the pairs of brushes of the other row.

Abstract: A process is provided for directly reducing a metal oxide to metal in a molten metal which comprises providing a body of molten metal in a converter provided with means for introducing molten metal and means for introducing metal oxide into the body of the molten metal by introducing molten metal therein, introducing said metal oxide as a powder suspended in a carrier gas, separately from said molten metal, into the body of the molten metal such that the molten metal introduced is hotter than the suspended powder and is distributed by said suspension to other parts of the mass of molten metal where the reduction can take place at the desired temperature.

Abstract: Apparatus suitable for injecting fluids, particularly suspensions of solids in gases, below the surface of a molten metal, e.g. in emulsion metallurgy, comprises a converter having a tuyere for injecting the fluid below the surface of the molten metal, and a heating zone, spaced away from the converter but in liquid communication with the converter at a level below the surface of the molten metal, the heating zone having a thinner lining than the converter and being heated by electric induction heating so that a temperature gradient can be set up between the heating zone and the converter to maintain the temperature of the molten metal in the converter. The converter is dimensioned such that it can be tilted to a position where it can still contain the whole volume of molten metal to be treated but the openings of the channel and of the tuyere are exposed above the surface of the molten metal in the tilted position.